urea excretion

BACKGROUND: Metformin is a biguanide hyperglycemic agent used to manage non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Adverse reactions include mainly mild gastrointestinal adverse effects, but severe complications, such as metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) can occur. Metformin is excreted renally and, therefore, not recommended in patients with renal impairment. The reported incidence of MALA is 3 cases per 100,000 patient-years. CASE REPORT: A 79-year-old woman with a complex medical history, including end-stage renal disease on dialysis and type 2 diabetes, presented to the emergency department (ED) for altered mental status...

BACKGROUND: In China, Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine (SML) injection are widely used as adjunctive therapy for patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, different studies have reported conflicting results. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis are necessary to assess the efficacy and safety of SML injection for the treatment of DKD. METHODS: We searched 6 electronic literature databases comparing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), SML injection in combination with ACEIs/ARBs that were conducted from inception until September 5, 2023...

The study subject was a healthy, 47-year-old man, a low temperature Guinness World Record holder. He spent 50 days alone in Rovaniemi, Lapland, and functioned in the ambient temperature ranging from +2°C to -37°C. He did not use sources of heat, he did not eat warm meals or drink hot water, and did not dry his clothes. He slept in an igloo, on an ice cover of 20-30 cm. He spent 10 hours a day in a sleeping bag and for the remaining time he walked, skied, or rode a bicycle, and practiced swimming...

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai ( C. speciosa ) fruit has medicinal and food applications and exhibits beneficial pharmacological properties. This study aimed to explore the hypouricemic effect of C. speciosa fruit extracts on hyperuricemic rats and uncover potential protective mechanisms. The rats were given hypoxanthine (HX, 100 mg/kg) and potassium oxonate (PO, 300 mg/kg) for 14 days to induce hyperuricemia. Subsequently, the rats were orally administered C. speciosa fruits total extract (CSFTE, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) and allopurinol (AP, 10 mg/kg) one hour after exposure to HX and PO...

5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various cancers, such as colorectal, prostate, skin, pancreas, and stomach, as an ointment or solution. However, its consumption has several side effects. Therefore, a new derivative of fluorouracil containing 5-Amino-1H-tetrazole was designed and synthesized through multi-step synthesis to reduce urea excretion and toxicity. The effectiveness of the synthesized drug on the Adenocarcinoma gastric cell line (AGS) gastric cancer cell line was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, which showed that the new 5-fluorouracil (5FU) analog, with an IC50 of 15...

BACKGROUND: Increases in phosphorus intake (P-In) have been observed over the past years in adult populations. However, biomarker-based data are lacking on whether P-In also increased in children. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine 24-h urinary phosphate excretion (PO4-Ex) and diet-related biomarkers potentially influencing phosphorus status in German children and adolescents from 1985 to 2015. DESIGN: This longitudinal noninvasive biomarker-based cohort study examined 24-h urine samples from children and adolescents of the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study, collected over three decades...

Hydrolysed proteins have been shown to be potential ingredients in cat diets due to their high digestibility, presence of bioactive peptides, and relatively low antigenicity. The effects of the substitution of conventional low ash poultry byproduct meal (PBM) with hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal (HPM) as a protein source were evaluated in extruded cat diets. Five diets with similar nutrient contents were formulated: a control (CO) diet based on PBM and 4 diets with different inclusions of HPM (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, on an as-fed basis) replacing PBM as the protein source...

AIM: Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors stimulate renal excretion of sodium and glucose and exert renal protective effects in patients with (non-)diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may as well protect against acute kidney injury (AKI). The mechanism behind this kidney protective effect remains unclear. Juxtaglomerular cells of renin lineage (CoRL) have been demonstrated to function as progenitors for multiple adult glomerular cell types in kidney disease. This study assesses the impact of SGLT2 inhibition on the repopulation of glomerular cells by CoRL and examines their phenotypic commitment...

Nitrogen is an essential element for all life on earth. Nitrogen metabolism, including excretion, is essential for growth, development, and survival of plants and animals alike. Several nitrogen metabolic processes have been described, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we reveal a unique process of nitrogen metabolism in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci , a global pest. We show that it has acquired two bacterial uricolytic enzyme genes, B. tabaci urea carboxylase ( BtUCA ) and B. tabaci allophanate hydrolase ( BtAtzF ), through horizontal gene transfer...

BACKGROUND: Diabetes nephropathy has always been one of the main causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease (ESRD), and diabetes nephropathy accounts for about 40% of ESRD cases. Vitamin E can effectively reduce urinary microalbumin, urinary albumin excretion rate and serum nitric oxide level in patients with type 2 diabetes nephropathy. METHODS: The computer retrieves four databases to obtain controlled trials on the effects of vitamin E in patients with diabetic nephropathy...

Our objectives were to determine the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on nutrient digestibility, rumen function, N balance, and serum AA concentration for dairy cows in late lactation. At the initiation of the experimental period, we stratified Holstein cows (n = 128; mean ± standard deviation 224 ± 54 d in milk) by parity and days pregnant (86 ± 25 d) and assigned them to 1 of 16 pens. For 3 wk, all cows received a covariate diet containing 16.9% CP [dry matter (DM) basis]...

The study hypothesized that a 24% protein starter diet supplemented with inert fat (palm fatty acids; PLFs) instead of triglyceride-rich soybean oil (SBO) would promote the growth of dairy calves. The effects of different protein contents (20 vs 24% CP) and fat sources (SBO vs PLF at 2.5% DM) on growth, digestibility, blood metabolites, rumen protozoa and urinary nitrogen in dairy calves were investigated. A total of 52 female dairy calves (mean age 3 days and BW 40.7 kg) were allocated to the following treatments in a completely randomized design: (1) 20% CP starter diet supplemented with SBO (20CP-SBO), (2) 20% CP starter diet supplemented with PLF (20CP-PLF), (3) 24% CP starter diet supplemented with SBO (24CP-SBO), and (4) 24% CP starter diet supplemented with PLF (24CP-PLF)...

Condensed tannins (CT) are plant polyphenols that can affect feed digestibility and are potentially able to reduce enteric methane emissions in ruminants. In this in vivo trial with 8 lactating goats, we investigated the effects of 4 levels of inclusion of a commercial CT extract from quebracho (0, 2, 4, 6% on DM basis; C, Q2, Q4, Q6, respectively). The experimental design was a repeated 4 × 4 Latin square with 28-d periods (24 d of diet adaptation and 4 d of sample collection) using metabolic cages and 4 open circuit respiration chambers...

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a disease characterized by excessive uric acid production and/or insufficient uric acid excretion caused by abnormal purine metabolism in the human body. Uric acid deposition caused by hyperuricemia can cause complications, such as kidney damage. The current therapeutic drugs for HUA are not very targeted and usually have specific toxic side effects. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to synthesize a compound using rhein and praseodymium, which can effectively help hyperuricemia patients with kidney injury to excrete uric acid through the intestine and preliminarily explore its intestinal excretion mechanism...

We studied urea, thiourea, and methylurea transport and interaction in human red blood cells (RBC) under conditions of self-exchange (SE), net efflux (NE), and net influx (NI) at pH 7.2. We combined four methods, a four-centrifuge technique, the Millipore-Swinnex filtering technique, the continuous flow tube method, and a continuous pump method to measure the transport of the 14 C-labeled compounds. Under SE conditions both urea and thiourea show perfect Michaelis-Menten kinetics with half saturation constants, K1/2,SE (mM), of ≈300 (urea) and ≈20 (thiourea)...

The increasing cost of milk production, in association with tighter manure N application regulations and challenges associated with ammonia emissions in many countries has increased interest in feeding lower crude protein (CP) diets based on legume silages. Most studies have focused on alfalfa silage, and there is a lack of information on low CP diets based on red clover silage. Our objectives were to examine the effects of dietary CP content and supplementing a low CP diet with dietary starch or rumen-protected Met (RPMet) on the performance, metabolism, and nitrogen-use-efficiency (NUE; milk N output/N intake) in dairy cows fed a red clover and grass silage-based diet...

For sustainable food production selection and breeding of feed efficient animals is crucial. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether multiparous dairy cows, ranked during their first lactation based on residual energy intake (REI) as efficient (low; L-REI) or inefficient (high; H-REI), differ in terms of nutrient use efficiency, methane emissions, rumen fermentation, and gut microbiota composition. Six L-REI and 6 H-REI cows were offered two diets with either a low or high proportion of concentrates (30 vs...

AIM: In two recent studies, we observed that a 30-min renal vein clamping caused formation of interstitial haemorrhagic congestion in ischaemic and ischaemic/reperfused kidney along with the development of severer acute kidney injury (AKI) than renal artery or pedicle clamping. It was suggested that the transmission of high arterial pressure into renal microvessels during vein occlusion probably causes the occurrence of interstitial haemorrhagic congestion that augments AKI. The present investigation aimed to evaluate this suggestion by reducing renal perfusion pressure (RPP) during renal venous occlusion...

BACKGROUND: Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is a promising pretransplant kidney quality assessment platform, but it remains crucial to increase its diagnostic potential while ensuring minimal additional injury to the already damaged kidney. Interventions that alter tubular transport can influence renal function and injury during perfusion. This study aimed to determine whether furosemide and desmopressin affect renal function and injury during NMP. METHODS: Eighteen porcine kidneys (n = 6 per group) were subjected to 30 min of warm ischemia and 4 h of oxygenated hypothermic perfusion before being subjected to 6 h of NMP...

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is the increase in the excretion of human water; meanwhile, fisetin, a bioactive flavonol molecule, is widely used in the treatment/prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-diarrheal activity of fisetin by restoring kidney function, antioxidant activity, inflammatory markers, Na+/K+-ATPase level, apoptosis, and protein content in diarrheal rats. METHODS: A total of 36 male rats were distributed into two groups (18 rats/group): normal and diarrheal...