KSHV (OR) HHV8

BACKGROUND: Previously, we showed that children with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria infection had higher Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) viral load, increased risk of KSHV seropositivity and higher KSHV antibody levels. We hypothesise that clinical malaria has an even larger association with KSHV seropositivity. Therefore in the current study, we investigated the association between clinical malaria and KSHV seropositivity and antibody levels. METHODS: Between 12/2020 to 03/2022, sick children (aged 5-10 years) presenting at a clinic in Uganda were enrolled in a case-control study...

Seven viruses cause at least 15% of the total cancer burden. Viral cancers have been described as the "low-hanging fruit" that can be potentially prevented or treated by new vaccines that would alter the course of global human cancer. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) is the sole cause of Kaposi sarcoma, which primarily afflicts resource-poor and socially marginalized populations. This review summarizes a recent NIH-sponsored workshop's findings on the epidemiology and biology of KSHV as an overlooked but potentially vaccine-preventable infection...

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal lympho-angioproliferative, mesenchymal low-grade tumor associated with a γ2-herpesvirus, named Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus or human herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). The lung is considered a usual anatomical location of KS, despite being infrequent, often in association with extensive mucocutaneous lesions and very uncommonly as an isolated event. We report a case of a pulmonary KS (pKS) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve patient, which was atypical due to a lack of cutaneous involvement and an absence of respiratory symptoms...

Oncoviruses are viruses that can cause tumors. Seven viruses are currently recognized as oncogenic in humans: Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV8), human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The clinical phenotypes resulting from infection with these oncoviruses range from asymptomatic infection to invasive cancers. Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are prone to the development of infectious diseases caused by a narrow or broad spectrum of pathogens, including oncoviruses in some cases...

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare type of large B-cell lymphoma associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection. Patients with PEL usually present with an effusion, but occasionally with an extracavitary mass. In this study, we reported a cohort of 70 patients with PEL: 67 men and 3 women with a median age of 46 years (range 26-91). Of these, 56 (80%) patients had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, eight were HIV-negative, and six had unknown HIV status. Nineteen (27%) patients had Kaposi sarcoma...

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a lymphangioproliferative disorder associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection. Four clinical subtypes are recognized: classic, endemic, epidemic (HIV-related) and iatrogenic. KS diagnosis is based on clinical features, histopathological assessment, and HHV8 serology. Classic KS is usually skin-limited and has a chronic course, while the iatrogenic variant may show mucosal, nodal or visceral involvement. Clinical staging is fundamental to guide the management. Localized disease may be treated with different local therapies, even if there are no randomized trials comparing these different modalities...

Plasmablastic neoplasms encompass several entities including plasmablastic lymphoma, plasmablastic plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma, primary effusion lymphoma and its extracavitary variant, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Morphologically, the tumor cells are large with eccentrically located nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and basophilic/amphophilic cytoplasm...

In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the diagnosis of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-associated lymphoproliferative disorders-a group of entities that range from hyperplastic proliferations to frank lymphomas. These diseases tend to occur in immunodeficient patients, but may occur in immunocompetent individuals as well. In recent years, we have learned of occasional cases with overlapping features among HHV8 entities, such as lesions intermediate between primary effusion lymphoma and HHV8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified or cases sharing features of multicentric Castleman disease and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder...

Introduction: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a kind of cancer that causes flat or raised lesions containing Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8). The KS lesions are common among immunosuppressed HIV patients. Highly Active Antiretroviral (HHART) treats and prevents the development of KS. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of K1 and K15 (predominant alleles) genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) among immunosuppressed patients due to HIV-1. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study where consecutive sampling technique was adopted to pick archived tissue blocks from the Thematic Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Human Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Histology Section, Kenyatta National Hospital...

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a distinct clinicopathological entity usually characterized by presentation as a lymphomatous body cavity effusion in the absence of solid tumor mass or dissemination during its clinical course. PEL can also rarely occur as a solid lymphoma involving nodal and extranodal sites and is referred to as extracavitary PEL. Here we report a unique case of extracavitary PEL in a 49-year-old HIV-seropositive patient who presented with vague abdominal pain and 20-lb weight loss. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy revealed more than 100 broad-based intestinal polyps ranging from 2 mm to 3 cm in size, spreading from the duodenum to the rectum as a typical impression of "intestinal polyposis syndrome...

The human γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV4) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) are each associated with around 2% of all tumors in humans worldwide. However, investigations into their infection, oncogenesis, and immune responses that protect from the associated tumors have been hampered by the exclusive tropism of these pathogens for humans. Mice with reconstituted human immune system components (HIS mice) provide the unique opportunity to study persistent infection, virus associated lymphoma formation, and cell-mediated immune control of EBV and KSHV...

Productive viral infection often depends on the manipulation of the cytoskeleton. Herpesviruses, including rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) and its close homolog, the oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8), exploit microtubule (MT)-based retrograde transport to deliver their genomes to the nucleus. Subsequently, during the lytic phase of the life cycle, the maturing viral particles undergo orchestrated translocation to specialized regions within the cytoplasm, leading to tegumentation, secondary envelopment, and then egress...

Prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) varies greatly in different populations. We hypothesized that the actual prevalence of KSHV/HHV8 infection in humans is underestimated by the currently available serological tests. We analyzed four independent patient cohorts with post-surgical or post-chemotherapy sepsis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and post-surgical patients with abdominal surgical interventions. Levels of specific KSHV-encoded miRNAs were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and KSHV/HHV-8 IgG were measured by immunoassay...

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is a gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. The KSHV genome contains genes for a unique group of proteins with homology to cellular interferon regulatory factors, termed viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs). This review will give an overview over the oncogenic, antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory characteristics of KSHV and related vIRFs.

Objectives: The 2015 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology aimed to review immunodeficiency-related lymphoproliferative disorders with plasmablastic and plasma cell differentiation. Methods: The workshop panel reviewed human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)/Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated lesions and other lesions exhibiting plasma cell differentiation, including plasmablastic proliferations with features of myeloma/plasmacytoma, plasmablastic neoplasms presenting in extranodal sites and effusion-based lymphomas, and rendered a consensus diagnosis...

The transcriptome of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) after primary latent infection of human blood (BEC), lymphatic (LEC) and immortalized (TIME) endothelial cells was analyzed using RNAseq, and compared to long-term latency in BCBL-1 lymphoma cells. Naturally expressed transcripts were obtained without artificial induction, and a comprehensive annotation of the KSHV genome was determined. A set of unique coding sequence (UCDS) features and a process to resolve overlapping transcripts were developed to accurately quantitate transcript levels from specific promoters...

Thyroid cancer is considered the most common malignancy that affects the endocrine system. Generally, thyroid cancer derives from follicular epithelial cells, and thyroid cancer is divided into well-differentiated papillary (80% of cases) and follicular (15% of cases) carcinoma. Follicular thyroid cancer is further divided into the conventional and oncocytic (Hürthle cell) type, poorly differentiated carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. Both poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma can arise either de novo , or secondarily from papillary and follicular thyroid cancer...

Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is a major etiological agent for multiple severe malignancies in immune-compromised patients. KSHV establishes lifetime persistence in the infected individuals and displays two distinct life cycles, generally a prolonged passive latent, and a short productive or lytic cycle. During latent phase, the viral episome is tethered to the host chromosome and replicates once during every cell division. Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is a predominant multifunctional nuclear protein expressed during latency, which plays a central role in episome tethering, replication and perpetual segregation of the episomes during cell division...

Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV, HHV8) causes three human malignancies, Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), an endothelial tumor, as well as Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and the plasma cell variant of Multicentric Castleman's Disease (MCD), two B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. All three cancers occur primarily in the context of immune deficiency and/or HIV infection, but their pathogenesis differs. KS most likely results from the combined effects of an endotheliotropic virus with angiogenic properties and inflammatory stimuli and thus represents an interesting example of a cancer that arises in an inflammatory context...

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm caused by infection of endothelial or endothelial precursor cells with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). Research efforts have focused on defining the molecular events explaining how KSHV promotes pathological angiogenesis and KS tumor formation. mTOR/HIF-1 is a fundamental pathway driving these processes through the upregulation of angiogenic and inflammatory proteins, including VEGF, ANGPTL4, and ANGPT2. Interestingly, HIF-1 has also been implicated in the upregulation of metabolic genes associated with aerobic glycolysis and the growth of solid tumors...