Global development

OBJECTIVE: A growing number of studies have investigated the prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) around the world. The aim of this study was to systematically estimate the pooled prevalence of MIH. METHODS: A comprehensive literature research was completed in English and Chinese databases. Random effect models were used to calculate the pooled prevalence. To address the heterogeneity, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyzes were conducted. Publication bias was estimated by trim and fill method...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We searched PubMed for scientific literature published in the past 2 years for relevant information regarding the burden of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease and host factors associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella infection and discuss current knowledge on vaccine development. The following search terms were used: Salmonella, non typhoidal/nontyphoidal, NTS, disease, bloodstream infection, invasive, sepsis/septicaemia/septicemia, bacteraemia/bacteremia, gastroenteritis, incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality, case fatality, host/risk factor, vaccination, and prevention/control...

We report the experimental evidence of the existence of a random attractor in a fully developed turbulent swirling flow. By defining a global observable which tracks the asymmetry in the flux of angular momentum imparted to the flow, we can first reconstruct the associated turbulent attractor and then follow its route towards chaos. We further show that the experimental attractor can be modeled by stochastic Duffing equations, that match the quantitative properties of the experimental flow, namely, the number of quasistationary states and transition rates among them, the effective dimensions, and the continuity of the first Lyapunov exponents...

We hypothesized that distinct protein expression features of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules may reveal novel candidate biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer. We performed proteome profiling by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to characterize 34 resected benign lung nodules, 24 early stage untreated lung adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and biopsies of bronchial epithelium. Group comparisons identified 65 proteins that differentiate nodules from ADCs and normal bronchial epithelium, and 66 proteins that differentiate ADCs from nodules and normal bronchial epithelium...

There is a need to develop additional effective therapies for ischemic stroke. Nitrones, which were first developed as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-trapping compounds, have been proposed as neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke, a ROS-related disorder. The previous reported ROS-trapping compound, quinolyl nitrone RP19, is here being assayed to induce neuroprotection to ischemia-reperfusion injury in three experimental ischemia models: (i), oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on primary neuronal cultures; (ii), transient global cerebral ischemia in four-vessel occlusion model; and (iii), transient focal cerebral ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model...

Bacterial pathogens are one of the primary causes of human morbidity worldwide. Historically, antibiotics have been highly effective against most bacterial pathogens; however, the increasing resistance of bacteria to a broad spectrum of commonly used antibiotics has become a global health-care problem. Early and rapid determination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics has become essential in many clinical settings, and, sometimes, can save lives. Currently classical procedures require at least 48 hours for determining bacterial susceptibility, which can constitute a life-threatening delay for effective treatment...

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease responsible for the ninth largest disease burden in the world threatening 350 million people mostly in developing countries. The lack of efficacy, severe adverse effects, long duration, high cost and parenteral administration of the current therapies result in poor patient compliance and emergence of resistance. Leishmaniasis' unmet need for safer, affordable and more effective treatments is only partly addressed by today's global health product pipeline that focuses on products amenable to rapid clinical development, mainly by reformulating or repurposing existing drugs for new uses...

Urinary tract infections represent one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization. As a result of their prevalence from community-based origins as well as those which develop in hospital setting, this constellation of infections represents a tremendous burden to the global healthcare system. Areas Covered: Over the last several decades the management of these infections has become more complicated due to the underlying comorbid conditions of the patients as well as escalating antimicrobial resistance to many of the most frequently used oral and parenteral agents...

Fatigue, developed over the course of a run, may cause changes in running kinematics. Training status may influence the effect of fatigue on running kinematics, since well trained, competitive runners are used to running until exhaustion, whereas novice runners are not. This study aimed to determine changes in running kinematics during an exhaustive run in both novice (NOVICE) and competitive (COMP) long-distance runners. About 15 NOVICE and 15 COMP runners performed a treadmill run, until voluntary exhaustion at 3,200 m time trial pace...

Rare invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are challenging for the treating physicians because of their unspecific clinical presentation, as well as the lack of standardised diagnostic and effective treatment strategies. Late onset of treatment and inappropriate medication is associated with high mortality, thus, urging the need for a better understanding of these diseases. The purpose of FungiScope(™) is to continuously collect clinical information and specimens to improve the knowledge on epidemiology and eventually improve patient management of these orphan diseases...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The paper aims to discuss the global trends in gastric cancer incidence in relation to important factors involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite a significant worldwide decline, gastric cancer remains a common cause of cancer death. The decline has been multifactorial and preceded the fall in Helicobacter pylori prevalence. The initial decline was associated with changes in food preservation and availability, especially of fresh fruits and vegetables, followed by a decline in the primary etiologic factor, H...

The garden asparagus stem blight caused by filamentous fungus Phomopsis asparagi exposes a serious threat on asparagus production globally. However, to present, we understand poorly about the molecular mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity. To facilitate functional genomics research of P. asparagi, here we developed a highly efficient and stable Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation approach which yielded 150-200 transformants per 1 × 10(6) conidia. Our results indicated that 25 °C, acetosyringone concentration of 150 μmol/L, and 72 h were recommended as optimal co-cultivation conditions for the transformation...

PURPOSE: Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most prevalent primary malignant bone tumors in adolescent. HOTAIR is highly expressed and associated with the epigenetic modifications, especially DNA methylation, in cancer. However, the regulation mechanism between HOTAIR and DNA methylation and the biological effects of them in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma remains elusive. METHOD: Through RNA-sequencing and computational analysis, followed by a variety of experimental validations, we report a novel interplay between HOTAIR, miR-126, and DNA methylation in OS...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health issue, with a rising incidence since the beginning of this century. It poses a severe mortality risk and also poses a serious economic risk as it reduces the working capacity of an individual in the most productive part of life. Developing countries face widespread tuberculosis infection - up to 95% of all cases and 98% of deaths, respectively. It is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the Koch bacillus) that can be contracted from either humans or animal hosts...

The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is widely used as commercial pollinator in worldwide agriculture and, therefore, plays an important role in global food security. Among the parasites and pathogens threatening health and survival of honey bees are two species of microsporidia, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Nosema ceranae is considered an emerging pathogen of the Western honey bee. Reports on the spread of N. ceranae suggested that this presumably highly virulent species is replacing its more benign congener N...

According to World Health Organization, the global prevalence of blindness in 2010 was 39 million people, among which 4% were due to corneal opacities. Often, the sole resort for visual restoration of patients with damaged corneas is corneal transplantation. However, despite rapid developments of surgical techniques, instrumentations and immunosuppressive agents, corneal blindness remains a prevalent global health issue. This is largely due to the scarcity of good quality corneal grafts. In this review, the causes of corneal blindness, its major treatment options, and the major contributory factors of corneal graft scarcity with potential solutions are discussed...

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease is a common complication. AKI is also associated with high morbidity and mortality. The Kidney Diseases Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria for AKI classification are now widely used for the definition of AKI. It is noteworthy that a statement about children was added to the criteria. Many studies aimed at finding useful biomarkers are now being performed by using these criteria...

Sudden perinatal death that includes the victims of sudden infant death syndrome, sudden intrauterine death syndrome, and stillbirth are heartbreaking events in the life of parents. Most of the studies about sudden perinatal death were reported from Italy, highlighting two main etiological factors: prone sleeping position and smoking. Other probable contributory factors are prematurity, male gender, lack of breastfeeding, respiratory tract infections, use of pacifiers, infant botulism, extensive use of pesticides and insecticides, etc...

Drug resistant pathogens are vibrant global problem. Penicillin binding protein 5 (PBP5) plays important role in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Mutation in PBP5 is a well-known mechanism for development of drug resistant strain of bacteria. In this context we have designed a peptide that fits better at the ligand-binding site of mutant PBP5 compared to wild type PBP5. It is expected that the designed peptide will halt the growth of drug resistant pathogen harboring mutant variety of PBP5. We have recommended experimental validation of the above concept...

Global prevalence of breast cancer and its rising frequency makes it a key area of research in drug discovery programs. The research article describes the development of field based 3D-QSAR model based on human breast cancer cell line MCF7 in vitro anticancer activity, which defines the molecular level understanding and regions of structure-activity relationship for triterpene maslinic acid and its analogs. The key features such as average shape, hydrophobic regions and electrostatic patterns of active compounds were mined and mapped to virtually screen potential analogs...