gestational thyroid disease

BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is linked to dyslipidaemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the impact of dyslipidaemia on the outcome of pregnancy in SCH is unclear. METHODS: We enrolled 36,256 pregnant women and evaluated their pregnancy outcomes. The following data was gathered during the first trimester (≤ 13+ 6 weeks of gestation): total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations...

Fetal hyperthyroidism can occur secondary to maternal autoimmune hyperthyroidism. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) transferred from the mother to the fetus stimulates the fetal thyroid and causes fetal thyrotoxicosis. Fetuses with this condition are difficult to detect, especially after maternal Graves disease therapy. Here, we present two cases of fetal hyperthyroidism with maternal hypothyroidism and review the assessment and intrauterine therapy for fetal hyperthyroidism. Both women were referred at 22+ and 23+ weeks of gestation with abnormal ultrasound findings, including fetal heart enlargement, pericardial effusion, and fetal tachycardia...

OBJECTIVE: To assess pre-term birth, low birth-weight and growth restriction according to maternal thyroid screening results and subsequent treatment. METHODS: This is a nonintervention nested case-control study derived from 10,052 asymptomatic women previously screened during the first trimester marker with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, serum thyroid stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine. Screening results had been classified as positive with one or more markers outside the normal range and referred to an endocrinologist...

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid dysfunction during gestation impacts on maternal-fetal health and may influence the neurocognitive development of the child. Thyroid physiology changes during pregnancy and requires the establishment of specific reference levels per trimester and for each population and method. The objectives of our study were to analyse thyroid function throughout pregnancy and to establish reference levels for TSH and T4L in each trimester for our population and methodology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective analytical study of 598 pregnant women from March 2018 to October 2020...

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is associated with thyroid nodule formation and increased size. However, an acute increase in thyroid cysts during cesarean section is unusual. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe the case of a 23-year-old primiparous woman at 37 weeks of gestation, without a history of thyroid disease, who underwent a cesarean section under general anesthesia. When the baby was delivered after induction of general anesthesia, the patient's airway pressure increased by approximately 5-7 mmHg, and her blood pressure increased to 170/78 mmHg...

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Molar pregnancy is the most common type of gestational trophoblastic disease. It manifests as vaginal bleeding, accompanied by high levels of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG). This case aims to highlight the importance of considering gestational trophoblastic disease as a potential diagnosis and its serious complications. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old female presented with vomiting, nausea, and no complaint of vaginal bleeding...

Hyperthyroidism due to gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. Optimal perioperative management is crucial for favorable outcomes and prevention of thyroid storm. However, scarce data exist defining the ideal approach to this complex clinical presentation. This case report describes a first-time pregnant 32-year-old woman who was found to be biochemically hyperthyroid in the context of a 10-week gestation molar pregnancy. Despite her biochemical values, the patient remained clinically asymptomatic of her thyroid disease...

OBJECTIVES: Indicatively, phenobarbital can impair thyroid function in adults and children. The present research aims to evaluate the thyroid hormone levels in preterm neonates who had received phenobarbital treatment. MATERIALS &METHODS: This study was conducted on preterm neonates who weighed less or equal to 2500 g when phenobarbital was prescribed for treatment in the first 15 days of life. TSH and total T4 measurements were performed before and three months after initiation of phenobarbital...

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy-associated cancer (PAC) occurs during pregnancy or within 12 months after the delivery. Head and neck cancer (HNC) during pregnancy is infrequent, therefore diagnosis and personalized therapy are intricate. METHODS: We investigated outcomes of 15 PAC patients (5 salivary, 4 nasopharyngeal, 3 thyroid, 2 oral cavity, one HPV-related carcinoma) diagnosed in the period 2005-2019. A literature review on PAC is provided. RESULTS: Median gestational age at PAC diagnosis was 28 weeks (range: 16-40 weeks) in ten cases, at 5 months after delivery (range: 1 week-6 months) in the remaining five...

BACKGROUND: To explore the association between thyroid hormones and gestational diabetes mellitus in euthyroid pregnant women, with the aim of preventing the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: In this prospective study, a total of 1222 euthyroid pregnant women in their first trimester were recruited at Peking University International Hospital between December 2017 and March 2019. These participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test during the 24-28 weeks of gestation...

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune thyroid disease is a prevalent condition affecting women of reproductive age, leading to thyroid dysfunction and impacting pregnancy outcomes. While the critical role of thyroid hormone in pregnancy outcomes is well-established, the potential association between positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with normal thyroid function remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between maternal TPOAb positivity and adverse pregnancy outcomes with normal thyroid function...

During pregnancy, the need for thyroid hormone and its production increase: the presence of a concomitant thyroid disease, however, may prevent the maternal thyroid from meeting such increased demands for hormone production, which could lead to - or worsen - a state of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism in pregnancy could adversely affect the growth and development of the fetus as well as the course of the pregnancy itself. The present case report involves a 38-year-old woman with autoimmune hypothyroidism, who has been on levothyroxine replacement therapy since adolescence...

Objective The physiological adaptations during a normal pregnancy affect renal and thyroid function and levels of associated biochemical markers. An association between Cystatin C (CysC), creatinine, and thyroid function has been considered in non-pregnant individuals, but not in pregnant women specifically. Methods Cohort study within the North Denmark Region Pregnancy Cohort (2011-2015) with assessment of thyroid function and autoantibodies (ADVIA Centaur XPT, Siemens Healthineers) in serum residues from the early pregnancy...

BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism is prevalent at all ages and represents a non-communicable disease with preventable consequences. METHOD: Narrative review. REVIEW: In children and adolescents, the most devastating consequences of undertreatment with levothyroxine (LT4) are poor growth and development. Delayed treatment in congenital hypothyroidism can lead to permanent brain damage. In young to middle-aged adults, symptoms are often overlooked, and treatment delayed by many years...

Background: Graves' disease has been associated with adverse pregnancy, labor and delivery, and neonatal outcomes. Thyroid function levels, assessed during newborn screening (NBS), can serve as indicators of the adaptation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. We utilized data from the national thyroid NBS program to investigate the characteristics of the mother-infant dyad of term infants born to mothers with past or active Graves' disease. Methods: The dataset of the Israeli NBS for thyroid function was linked with the electronic records of a tertiary medical center to generate a unified database of mothers and their term infants born between 2011 and 2021...

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to test the therapeutic effect of extra-low dose of levothyroxine (LT4; 25 mcg/day) to preconception and pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study, SCH women who succeeded in their first in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle between January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020 were included. SCH is defined as normal serum free thyroxine (T4) level and an elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level >4 mIU/L...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of autoimmune conditions is two-fold higher in women than in men, especially during the reproductive years. Autoimmune conditions have been associated with a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and some conditions have been studied more than others with inconsistent findings. The objective of this umbrella review was to identify, appraise, synthesise, and consolidate findings from published systematic reviews of autoimmune conditions and adverse pregnancy outcomes...

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune thyroid disease, one of the main risk factors for hypothyroidism, is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The burden of autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnancy and its association with thyroid function among normotensive pregnant women and pregnant women with hypertension in South Africa are not known. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish the magnitude of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in pregnancy in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and its relationship with iodine nutrition status and preeclampsia...

OBJECTIVE:  We compared thyroid volume (TV) and presence of nodular goiter (NG) in pregnant vs. non-pregnant women in an iodine-sufficient area. We also evaluated the relationship between gestational age, parity, and TV in the pregnant women group, and determined the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of normal TV in pregnancy. METHODS:  This cross-sectional study included 299 healthy women (216 pregnant) without previous thyroid diseases. Thyroid ultrasounds were performed and compared between pregnant and non-pregnant women...

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence, to summarize the clinical features of patients diagnosed with gestational hypothyroidism (GH) and analyze the risk factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: From February 2021 to March 2023, a case control study was conducted on hospitalized 298 patients with GH, and 312 pregnant women without GH who underwent physical examinations. The 312 pregnant women without GH were randomly selected during the same time period...