embryology alveolar bone

Success of alveolar reconstructions using onlay autogenous block bone grafts depends on their adequate integration to the recipient bed influenced by a number of local molecules. Considering the fundamental role of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in bone repair, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of its inhibition in the integration of endochondral (EC) iliac crest, and intramembranous (IM) calvaria bone grafts. Thirty-two rabbits were divided into 4 groups: Calvaria Control (CC) and Iliac Control--treated with oral 0...

With the spread of endosteal implants bone grafting has become frequently used procedure in the area of the jaws, primarily for the augmentation of the alveolar process and the sinus maxillaris. Although various assortments of bone replacement materials are available nowadays, autologous bone graft still remains the 'gold standard'. Autologous bone depending on the required quantity for the procedure can be harvested from intra- or extraoral sources. The properties and quality of bone grafts depend on the structure (cortical or/and spongious), the embryological origin (endochondral or membranous) and the donor site (extra- or intraoral)...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical applications, graft uptake, and complications of split-thickness calvarial graft for the reconstruction of craniofacial defects.This retrospective study included 26 patients with craniofacial defects treated between January 2008 and December 2009. This included 17 male and 09 female patients between 9 and 45 years. Depending on the treatment provided, the patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 included 11 patients with cranial defect operated on for cranioplasty...

Bone remodeling, the mechanism that modulates bone mass adaptation, is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system through the catecholaminergic pathway. However, resorption in the mandible periosteum envelope is associated with cholinergic Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)-positive nerve fibers sensitive to sympathetic neurotoxics, suggesting that different sympathetic pathways may control distinct bone envelopes. In this study, we assessed the role of distinct sympathetic pathways on rat femur and mandible envelopes...

Fresh autogenous cancellous bone is ideal for secondary alveolar cleft bone grafting because it supplies living, immunocompatible bony cells that integrate fully with the maxilla and are essential for osteogenesis. Recent animal studies have shown that the dynamics of cancellous inlay bone grafts are different from those of cortical onlay bone grafts, and they refute the assumption that membranous bone grafts are superior to endochondral bone grafts because of their embryological origin. These studies prove that inlay endochondral cancellous specimens have a higher percentage increase in actual bony volume than cortical membranous and cortical endochondral inlay bone grafts...

BACKGROUND: Intraosseous ameloblastoma (IA) is the quintessence of epithelial odontogenic tumor and histologically and behaviorally defined as an undoubted neoplastic process. Current information must lead to the consensus that IA arises from the embryologic inclusions of odontogenic epithelium within the jawbone. Nevertheless, clinically oriented evidence is limited to this day. METHODS: The clinical and radiographic features, behavior, and pathology of 14 cases of small IA confined to the alveolar region were systematically examined...

UNLABELLED: Mandibular and systemic bone loss are poorly associated. We compared the effect of isocaloric protein undernutrition and/or ovariectomy on BMD and microstructure of mandibular alveolar and proximal tibia sites in adult rats. Mandibular bone was significantly less affected. INTRODUCTION: Whether mandibular bone and axial or peripheral skeleton respond similarly to systemic bone loss remains a subject of controversy. We have previously shown that mechanical loading during mastication influences bone mass and architecture of the mandibular alveolar bone...

It is generally accepted that different cranial regions do not follow the same growth pattern. In this study, size changes of the functional cranial components (FCCs) in 228 human skulls of age at death between 0 and 20 years were evaluated. The skull is considered as divided into anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, otic, optic, respiratory, masticatory and alveolar FCCs. Age-related changes of FCCs were assessed by fitting curves with the smoothing spline method, and quantifying the proportional increments at different stages...

In several mammals, a direct connection between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity is a common finding. The structure is named the nasopalatine duct (NPD). It has been hypothesized to be functional in terms of transportation of odorants from the oral cavity to the nasal cavity. In humans, the NPD exists during embryological development. The connection between the nasopalatine infundibulum and the incisive fossa is typically closed at the time of birth. We present the case of a 24-year-old man who presented with a persistent NPD...

We report a child with right-sided heminasal aplasia in combination with anomalies of the right eye and maxilla. Unilateral aplasia of the nose is a rare congenital malformation. It is often associated with other malformations of the facial region, including abnormalities of the eye and lacrimal system, proboscis lateralis, and facial bone malformations. The eye anomalies in our patient consisted of microphthalmia with blepharophimosis and coloboma of the iris, retina and upper eyelid. Also hypoplasia of the lacrimal apparatus and right maxilla, and a rudimentary alveolar cleft on the same side were present...

Median clefts of the lower lip and mandible are rare. In the literature so far, about 62 cases have been described. In addition, three more patients are presented here. These cases show a broad variation in the severity of this deformity, ranging from a simple notch in the vermillion to a complete cleft of the lip involving the tongue, the chin, the mandible, the supporting structures of the median of the neck, and the manubrium sterni. Several hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of median clefts of the lip and mandible have been proposed...

Bone grafting the alveolar cleft in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is widely accepted. A traditional graft is the iliac crest. Other bone graft donor sites are briefly discussed. The ratio for an ectomesenchymal bone graft in alveolar cleft repair is explained. Aspects of the embryology, bone graft physiology, and reports on mandibular symphysis bone grafting are discussed.

A paleopathological maxilla and mandible with tooth agenesis were analyzed, focussing on the aetiology of the condition. The jaw material, derived from an adult mediaeval male, was examined by standard anthropological analyses, including radiography. In the maxilla there was agenesis of three permanent incisors and one premolar, and in the mandible of one permanent incisor and two permanent molars. Absence or marked reduction of the incisive foramen and the nasopalatine canal was found. The premaxillary area was reduced without general alveolar bone resorption...

The growth and development of the premaxilla in both normal and cleft lip and palate subjects is described and its relevance in surgery of the cleft alveolus discussed. Embryologically, the cleft alveolus results from failure of fusion of the median nasal and maxillary processes. Consequently, ossification centres in the premaxilla and maxilla cannot migrate and unite such that normal growth and development in the territory of the premaxillary-maxillary suture cannot occur. Functional repair of the cleft lip and soft palate encourages spontaneous alignment of the alveolar segments, facilitating the introduction of vascularized periosteum across the bony defect by gingivoperiosteoplasty...

Study of perinatal individuals from 7-4th c. B.C. Punic Carthage and specimens from more recent sources elucidates: 1. variability in the formation of the infraorbital foramen; 2. the nature of, and variability in, the expression of the incisive suture. With regard to the latter, and in conjunction with data on the embryological formation of the upper jaw and dentition, the following generalization appears warranted in Homo sapiens. The incisors and canine may come to erupt in the alveolar bone associated with the premaxillary region...

The type of fixation (rigid skeletal vs. wire) was assessed against embryologic origin (membranous vs. endochondral) and recipient site (depository vs. resorptive) as variables affecting inlay and onlay bone-graft survival in 20 mature dogs. Wet weight and volume measurements were made at operation and at sacrifice (16 weeks). The results were as follows: (1) Rigid skeletal fixation increased bone-graft volume survival over wire fixation (p less than 0.05). (2) Fixation (i.e., rigid skeletal) and embryologic origin (i...

Mandibular incisors had to be extracted on a 52 years old patient. The aim of this investigation was to study, the periodontal healing of teeth surgically displaced after bone resections (alveolar, buccal and apical). 3 years later, the teeth were extracted and treated for microscopic observation. No new attachment was seen on the curetted roots, except where the periodontal ligament had been preserved. The concept of cellular sociology was suggested to explain the sites of radicular resorption. An hypothesis was then put forward: epithelial formations present in the periodontal ligament are not of an embryologic origin (Malassez debris) but are issued from the migration of epithelial cords during new formation of the junctional epithelium...

Data drawn from the perspectives of paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, teratology, and normal adult variation were analyzed with nine homology criteria in order to determine the homologues of the stapedial artery in adult humans. It was determined that 1) the stem of the stapedial artery does not persist within the cranial cavity; 2) the stem of the ramus inferior is retained in its entirety and forms the upper portion of the stem of the middle meningeal artery; 3) the proximal part of the ramus infraorbitalis is normally absent and is replaced by a collateral shunt arising from the ramus mandibularis; 4) the ramus mandibularis is retained and forms the lower portion of the middle meningeal stem and the inferior alveolar artery; 5) the most proximal portion of the maxillary artery is formed by an anastomotic shunt connecting the external carotid artery to the ramus mandibularis; 6) the anterior division of the ramus superior is normally present and well developed; 7) the posterior division of the ramus superior is present in many individuals; and 8) the junction of the two divisions of the ramus superior with the ramus inferior usually migrates to the floor of the middle cranial fossa...

Nine Friesian sheep (age 1.5-2 years) were used to evaluate the quality of bone repair in artificial cleft-like maxillary defects repaired with autologous bone grafts of embryologically different origin. After bilateral extraction of the upper first deciduous molar the tooth socket was enlarged resulting in an open connection between the oral and nasal cavities. In the same session a graft, obtained from the iliac crest, was implanted in one of the two bilateral maxillary defects and on the opposite side a graft, obtained from the mandible, was inserted...

A Danish anthropological collection of medieval human skeletons excavated in 1986 involves a mandible (No. 212) from an adult female born without the lower alveolar nerve and mandibular canal. It is believed that the defect has resulted in lack of tooth development on the affected side and that the mylohyoid nerve has partially compensated for this defect by development of teeth in localized areas. The defective mandibular dentition has caused a compensatory development of the alveolar process in the maxilla...