community acquired pneumonia review

Existing recommended first-line antibiotic agents for MRSA pneumonia have several shortcomings. We reviewed 29 cases of community- and hospital-acquired MRSA pneumonia managed at our hospital. Lincosamide monotherapy was administered to 21/29 (72%) and was the predominant antibiotic regimen (> 50% course duration) in 19/29 (66%). Patients receiving lincosamide-predominant monotherapy were no more likely to die or require intensive care unit admission than patients receiving vancomycin-predominant monotherapy (5/19 (26%) versus 4/7 (57%), p = 0...

Pneumonia is a clinical syndrome characterised by fever, cough and alveolar infiltration of purulent fluid, caused by infection with a microbial pathogen. It can be caused by infections with bacteria, viruses or fungi, but a causative organism is identified in less than half of cases. The most common type of pneumonia is community-acquired pneumonia, which is caused by infections acquired outside the hospital. Current guidelines for pneumonia diagnosis require imaging to confirm the clinical suspicion of pneumonia...

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal vaccination is a preventive method to reduce pneumonia related mortality. However, real-world data on efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine in reducing mortality is lacking, especially in elderly patients. This study was conducted to assess the effects of prior pneumococcal vaccination in elderly pneumonia patients. METHODS: The data was procured from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment and Quality Assessment database. Hospitalized patients who met the criteria of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were included and they were grouped according to vaccination state...

Childhood pneumonia is a major contributor to illness and death in children under the age of five globally. Despite advancements in medical science, the burden of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains high, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This systematic review aims to synthesize existing literature on the prevalence, risk factors, and healthcare-seeking behaviors associated with pediatric CAP to inform the development of targeted community-based interventions. An extensive search of various databases such as Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, PubMed, PubMed Central, Helinet, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and Biomed Central was performed, resulting in 65 potentially relevant studies...

BACKGROUND: The Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) uses albumin levels and total lymphocyte count to predict the relationship between immune-nutritional state and prognosis in a variety of diseases, however it has not been studied in community acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). We conducted a historical cohort study to determine if there was an association between PNI and clinical outcomes in patients with CABP. METHODS: We reviewed 204 adult patients with confirmed CABP, and calculated admission PNI and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)...

OBJECTIVES: We postulate that corticosteroid-related side effects in critically ill patients are similar across sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). By pooling data across all trials that have examined corticosteroids in these three acute conditions, we aim to examine the side effects of corticosteroid use in critical illness. DATA SOURCES: We performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention library of COVID research, CINAHL, and Cochrane center for trials...

BACKGROUND: Legionnaires' disease (LD) is a common but under-diagnosed cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although rapid detection of urine antigen testing (UAT) and advances in molecular testing have improved the diagnosis. LD entails intensive care unit (ICU) admission in almost one-third of cases, and the mortality rate ranges from 4% to 40%. This review aims to discuss recent advances in the study of this condition and to provide an update on the diagnosis, pathogenesis and management of severe LD...

PROBLEM: In Australia, inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials is higher in rural and regional areas than in major city hospitals. Inappropriate prescribing is defined as the prescription of antimicrobial agents that do not adhere to guidelines in terms of type of antimicrobial chosen, dose and/or duration or are deemed unnecessary. A review of antimicrobial prescribing in a Queensland rural Hospital and Health Service (HHS) identified that respiratory infections were an area for potential improvement...

INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of hospitalisation and is associated with a high mortality. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and has been used in treatment of infections; however, its role as an adjunctive treatment in CAP is unclear. This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of vitamin C in adults who require hospitalisation for CAP. METHODS AND ANALYSES: Searches will be conducted from inception to November 2023 on Ovid MEDLINE Daily and MEDLINE, Embase CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials...

UNLABELLED: Objectives: Biomarker-based clinical practice is currently gaining ground and increasingly affects decision making. A variety of biomarkers have been studied through the years and some of them have already an established role in modern medicine, such as procalcitonin (PCT) which has been proposed to reduce antibiotic exposure. We purposed to systematically review all biomarkers examined for guiding the clinical practice in patients with pneumonia. METHODS: A systematic review on PubMed was performed on April 2023 by two independent researchers using the PRISMA guidelines...

IMPORTANCE: Little is known about incidence of, risk factors for, and harms associated with inappropriate diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). OBJECTIVE: To characterize inappropriate diagnosis of CAP in hospitalized patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study, including medical record review and patient telephone calls, took place across 48 Michigan hospitals. Trained abstractors retrospectively assessed hospitalized patients treated for CAP between July 1, 2017, and March 31, 2020...

People are an organic unity. Every organ of our body doesn't exist alone. They are a part of our body and have important connections with other tissues or organs. The gut-lung axis is a typical example. Here, we reviewed the current research progress of the gut-lung axis. The main cross-talk between the intestine and lungs was sorted out, i.e. the specific interaction content contained in the gut-lung axis. We determine a relatively clear concept for the gut-lung axis, that is, the gut-lung axis is a cross-talk that the gut and lungs interact with each other through microorganisms and the immune system to achieve bidirectional regulation...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: According to the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors, lower respiratory infections cause more than 2.3 million deaths globally, with a majority occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia.Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major contributor to global mortality and morbidity. Understanding the prevalence and common bacterial causes of CAP is crucial for clinicians to accurately diagnose and improve patient satisfaction. The purpose of this systematic review was to report the pooled prevalence and common bacterial etiologies of CAP among adult patients in Ethiopia...

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in the elderly. The peripheral blood neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) index is increasingly recognized for its association with poor pneumonia prognosis. A comprehensive investigation involving 128 elderly patients diagnosed with CAP, including 96 with non-severe CAP and 32 with severe CAP, from January 2020 to January 2021 was performed. The nCD64 index, CD4+, CD8+, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, procalcitonin (PCT), neutrophil (NEUT), and B lymphocyte count were determined using flow cytometry...

Aim: This study aimed to understand the current level of linezolid (LNZ) resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates reported over the past 10 years. Material & methods: An electronic search was conducted for the following keywords: (( Streptococcus pneumoniae [title/abstract]) OR ( Pneumococcus [title/abstract]) OR (Pneumococci [title/abstract]) AND (linezolid [title/abstract]) OR (Zyvox [title/abstract])) OR (Zyvoxid [title/abstract])). Result: Out of all the studies, 80 had a cross-sectional design, while 11 followed a cohort approach...

DISCLAIMER: In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE: Procalcitonin (PCT) levels may play a role in decreasing the duration of antimicrobial therapy in institutions that have long durations of therapy for management of community-acquired pneumonia...

Legionella pneumonia (LP) is a relatively uncommon yet well-known type of atypical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It is characterized by a rapid progression to severe pneumonia and can be easily misdiagnosed. In most patients, chest computed tomography (CT) showed patchy infiltration, which may progress to lobar infiltration or even lobar consolidation. While pulmonary cavities are commonly observed in immunocompromised patients with LP, they are considered rare in immunocompetent individuals. Herein, we present a case of LP in an immunocompetent patient with multiple cavities in both lungs...

Pneumonia is a multifaceted illness with a wide range of clinical manifestations, degree of severity and multiple potential causing microorganisms. Despite the intensive research of recent decades, community-acquired pneumonia remains the third-highest cause of mortality in developed countries and the first due to infections; and hospital-acquired pneumonia is the main cause of death from nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. Guidelines for management of this disease are available world wide, but there are questions which generate controversy, and the latest advances make it difficult to stay them up to date...

OBJECTIVE: Recently, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains causing bacteremia and showing significant antibiotic resistance have raised serious health concerns. Especially carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae has spread worldwide and caused an increase in mortality rates. In this study, we aimed to present information about KPC-2 carriage and molecular characteristics of K. pneumoniae strains showing multiple antibiotic resistance among patients in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Blood samples were collected from patients hospitalized in the intensive care units (ICU) of Van Regional Training and Research Hospital between 2020-2021...

BACKGROUND: Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported the complications of corticosteroids for patients with community-acquired pneumonia with inconsistent results. An explicit systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in this study to evaluate the complications of corticosteroids for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. METHODS: Using PubMed, Embase, the Global Index Medicus of the World Health Organization (WHO), the WHO clinical trial registry, and Clinicaltrials...