latent tuberculosis in children

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) may develop active tuberculosis infection and could infect their neonates, which could impair the child's immune system due to infection-mediated immunological responses. In order to develop a preventative TB program in this study, we desired to understand the impact of calcitriol in LTBI pregnant women and immunological responses in neonates. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In three hospitals in Medan, North Sumatra, we implemented a case-control design with 84 pregnant women in their third trimester and their newborns...

Persons may seek asylum in the United States or at a U.S. port of entry. Principal asylees are those who are granted asylum status. Their spouse and unmarried children under 21 years of age may be granted asylum if accompanying, or following to join, the principal asylees. U.S.-bound follow-to-join asylees must undergo an overseas medical examination that includes tuberculosis (TB) screening. Culture-based overseas TB screening in U.S.-bound follow-to-join asylees has not been evaluated. We evaluated data from overseas TB screening in 19,088 arrivals of follow-to-join asylees during 2014-2019 and assessed data from their postarrival evaluation, which is recommended for those at risk for TB...

BACKGROUND: Most paediatric tuberculosis (TB) cases in low-TB-incidence countries involve children born to migrant families. This may be partially explained by trips to their countries of origin for visiting friends and relatives (VFR). We aimed to estimate the risk of latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB in children VFR. METHODS: We conducted a prospective multicentric observational study in Catalonia (Spain) from 06/2017 to 12/2019. We enrolled children aged < 15 years with a negative tuberculin skin test (TST) at baseline and at least one parent from a high-TB-incidence country, and who had travelled to their parent's birth country for ≥21 days...

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BACKGROUND: The treatment of pediatric patients with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a crucial TB control strategy. LTBI is not a reportable communicable disease, and data regarding LTBI treatment in pediatric patients in Korea are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the prescription patterns and treatment completion rates among pediatric patients with LTBI in Korea by analyzing National Health reimbursement claims data. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed outpatient prescription records for pediatric patients aged 18 or younger with LTBI-related diagnostic codes from 2016 to 2020...

INTRODUCTION: Biologic modifying agents are associated with an increased risk for infection with mycobacteria. The aim of this study is to document patients who received different biologic modifying therapies in our pediatric rheumatology department and the possibility of development of tuberculosis (TB). METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study was conducted in Ankara City Hospital. Pediatric patients who were treated with biologic modifying agents between 2010-2020 were documented...

BACKGROUND: A total of 700 000 US children and adolescents are estimated to have latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Identifying facilitators and barriers to engaging in TB infection care is critical to preventing pediatric TB disease. We explored families' and clinicians' perspectives on pediatric TB infection diagnosis and care. METHODS: We conducted individual interviews and small group discussions with primary care and subspecialty clinicians, and individual interviews with caregivers of children diagnosed with TB infection...

BACKGROUND: The differentiation between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and tuberculosis (TB) relies on radiological changes. Confirming the diagnosis remains a challenge because typical findings are often missing in children. This study evaluates diagnostic sensitivity, specifity and interobserver agreement on the radiological diagnosis of TB by chest-x-rays in accordance to professional specialization and work experience. METHODS: Chest x-rays of 120 children with proven tuberculosis infection were independently evaluated by general radiologists, paediatric radiologists and paediatric pulmonologists...

The fact that almost half of the 1 million cases of childhood tuberculosis (TB) globally remain undiagnosed jeopardizes the TB elimination goal. Fortunately, there are new advances in this field which have the potential to bridge this diagnostic gap. Advances in imaging include computer assisted interpretation of chest X-rays (CXRs), point of care ultrasound (POCUS) and faster and superior computed tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (CT/ MRI) protocols. The urine lipoarabinomannan test has proved to be a good point of care test for diagnosing TB in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children...

BACKGROUND: Little is known about isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) completion rates among children or adolescents compared to adults living with HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis including children, adolescents, and adults living with HIV who were treated at FHI360 and partners-implemented HIV care programs at six health zones in Kinshasa, DRC, from 2004 to 2020. The primary outcome was the proportion of children, adolescents versus adults who did complete 6 months of daily self-administered IPT...

BACKGROUND: Due to their age category and the immune-suppressing effects of HIV, children were more vulnerable to experience endogenous reactivation of latent bacilli in the lung and increased risk of active tuberculosis incidence. The aim of this study is to assess the survival pattern, risk factors, and estimated time to develop TB after children started ART at selected health facilities of North Wollo, Ethiopia, from November 1, to September 30, 2021. METHODS: Facility-based retrospective cohort study was employed from November 1 to September 30, 2021...

The main aim of this article is to review various studies conducted in relation to diagnosis, treatment and management of Latent TB Infection (LTBI) in under-five children, thus highlighting research gaps and further scope of improvements with respect to Indian context. The methodology involved literature review of various online review articles and research papers along with current published guidelines for LTBI management by World Health Organization (WHO) and National tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP)...

Tuberculosis and malignancy are major public health problems in developing countries like India and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an aerobic acid-fast bacilli which is an important pathogen especially complicating clinical status of paediatric oncology patients and treatment of infection with this bacilli is challenging in this subpopulation of patients because of ongoing immunosuppression and relative lack of published guidelines. Atypical presentations of tuberculosis in children also complicate the diagnosis and management...

As we march towards the goals of TB elimination, one area of focus is on TB preventive therapy which deals with treatment of latent TB infection, the pool from which future TB cases are generated. Children are particularly vulnerable to disseminated TB and seriously ill TB like TB meningitis, which highlights the need for addressing latent TB infection in the age group of 0-18 years. The national TB elimination program has extended it's strategy to include TB preventive therapy from treating children <5 years and PLHIV to treating children ≥5 years, adolescents and adult household contacts of TB cases and at risk immunosuppressed groups...

BACKGROUND: Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is the main tool for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). However, the indeterminate results were more frequent in children, and the underlying reasons were largely speculative. We aimed to compare QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) with X.DOT-TB (XDOT) for diagnosing LTBI, and to identify the risk factors associated with indeterminate results in children. METHODS: A retrospective study for children<18 years old, at risk for LTBI or progression to TB disease, received either QFT-GIT or X...

India has the largest problem of tuberculosis (TB) infection globally (estimated at about 35-40 crores cases), and around 18-36 lakh develop active tuberculosis annually. Latent TB is defined as a state of persistent immune response to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens with no evidence of clinically manifested active TB. The progression of a latent infection to active tuberculosis increases several-fold in children < 5 years of age and in people with some or the other form of an immunocompromising condition...

BACKGROUND: Children <15 years are at elevated risk of becoming infected with M. tuberculosis co mplex (Mtbc). OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of Mtbc transmission by healthcare workers (HCW) to children. METHODS: Medline, Google Scholar and Cochrane library were searched to select primary studies in which HCW was the presumed index case and exposed infants and children aged below 15 years were screened for latent TB infection (LTBI)...

In the continued battle against one of the oldest enemies known to mankind, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) , the emergence of drug resistance to antituberculosis drugs among children poses multiple challenges for early detection and treatment. Molecular diagnostics and newer drugs like bedaquiline and delamanid have strengthened the armamentarium and helped design convenient, safe, and child-friendly therapeutic regimens against drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Preventive strategies like treatment of TB infection among children living in close contact with patients with drug-resistant TB and effective vaccines against TB are currently in the investigative stages of development and implementation...

BACKGROUND: Chest radiographs (CXR) for tuberculosis (TB) screening in children are valuable in high-burden settings. However, less certain in low prevalence contexts. In the United States, positive PPD is sufficient to treat for "latent" TB, or TB infection in asymptomatic patients. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine frequency of abnormal CXR findings after a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test at a tertiary pediatric center in the United States. METHOD: A retrospective evaluation was conducted of patients (0-18 years) with a CXR after a positive PPD (e...

To elucidate the physical and psychosocial health needs of newly arrived Afghan children, we conducted a retrospective chart review of patients 0 to 19 years re-settled to Philadelphia with ≥1 outpatient visit during August 2021 to August 2022. Findings on 121 patients include dental caries (74%), elevated lead (32%), eosinophilia (29%), malnutrition (25%), schistosomiasis (6%), strongyloidiasis (8%), latent tuberculosis (7%), and two cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mental health symptoms include poor sleep in 16%, low energy in 10%, and behavioral concerns in 13%...