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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Annika Garlichs, Helen Blank
The perception and neural processing of sensory information are strongly influenced by prior expectations. The integration of prior and sensory information can manifest through distinct underlying mechanisms: focusing on unexpected input, denoted as prediction error (PE) processing, or amplifying anticipated information via sharpened representation. In this study, we employed computational modeling using deep neural networks combined with representational similarity analyses of fMRI data to investigate these two processes during face perception...
April 22, 2024: Nature Communications
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Vishal Garimella, Nimay Anand, Elliott H Campbell, Christian L Baum, Afsaneh Alavi
When angiosarcoma, a rare and aggressive tumor of the soft tissue, develops in the setting of chronic lymphedema, it is referred to as Stewart-Treves syndrome. It is usually seen in chronic lymphedema of the upper limbs postmastectomy. Angiosarcoma developing in the lower limb in the setting of chronic lymphedema is rare and has a poor outcome. The presentation of angiosarcoma can vary, ranging from a bleeding papule to a plaque or a subcutaneous mass, which can later progress to ulceration or necrosis. Treatment for Stewart-Treves syndrome is aggressive because of its poor prognosis and usually requires a multidisciplinary approach of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy...
May 1, 2024: Advances in Skin & Wound Care
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Maurice Koch, Nan Cao, Daniel Weiskopf, Kuno Kurzhals
Areas of interest (AOIs) are well-established means of providing semantic information for visualizing, analyzing, and classifying gaze data. However, the usual manual annotation of AOIs is time-consuming and further impaired by ambiguities in label assignments. To address these issues, we present an interactive labeling approach that combines visualization, machine learning, and user-centered explainable annotation. Our system provides uncertainty-aware visualization to build trust in classification with an increasing number of annotated examples...
April 22, 2024: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Mara Breen, Julie Van Dyke, Jelena Krivokapić, Nicole Landi
Young children's prosodic fluency correlates with their reading ability, as children who are better early readers also produce more adult-like prosodic cues to syntactic and semantic structure. But less work has explored this question for high school readers, who are more proficient readers, but still exhibit wide variability in reading comprehension skill and prosodic fluency. In the current study, we investigated acoustic indices of prosodic production in high school students ( N = 40; ages 13-19) exhibiting a range of reading comprehension skill...
April 22, 2024: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Emory Ryan, Samantha Nishimura, Grisel Lopez, Nahid Tayebi, Ellen Sidransky
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by biallelic pathological variants in the GBA1 gene. Patients present along a broad clinical spectrum, and phenotypes are often difficult to predict based on genotype alone. The variant R463C (p.Arg502Cys) exemplifies this challenge. To better characterize its different clinical presentations, we examined the records of 25 current and historical patients evaluated at the National Institutes of Health. Nine patients were classified as GD1, 14 were classified as GD3, and two had an ambiguous diagnosis between GD1 and GD3...
April 22, 2024: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
#26
REVIEW
Nicholas Ehrenborg, Connor Davis, Jacob Tremoulis, Brett Bussert, Nicholas A Cheney, Patrick O'Connor
A gastrocnemius contracture is a common problem that results in decreased ankle dorsiflexion that contributes to an array of foot and ankle ailments. A common surgical treatment for this condition is a gastrocnemius recession (GR). Many adaptations of the original procedure have been described. Misinterpretations of proper GR procedures have potentially caused confusion when selecting a treatment. This paper proposes to identify errors between the use of GR and gastrocnemius-soleus recession (GSR) procedure techniques in the current literature...
September 2024: Journal of Orthopaedics
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Suchen Zheng, Nitya Thakkar, Hannah L Harris, Susanna Liu, Megan Zhang, Mark Gerstein, Erez Lieberman Aiden, M Jordan Rowley, William Stafford Noble, Gamze Gürsoy, Ritambhara Singh
The three-dimensional organization of genomes plays a crucial role in essential biological processes. The segregation of chromatin into A and B compartments highlights regions of activity and inactivity, providing a window into the genomic activities specific to each cell type. Yet, the steep costs associated with acquiring Hi-C data, necessary for studying this compartmentalization across various cell types, pose a significant barrier in studying cell type specific genome organization. To address this, we present a prediction tool called compartment prediction using recurrent neural networks (CoRNN), which predicts compartmentalization of 3D genome using histone modification enrichment...
May 17, 2024: IScience
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eva Huber, Sebastian Sauppe, Arrate Isasi-Isasmendi, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Paola Merlo, Balthasar Bickel
Language models based on artificial neural networks increasingly capture key aspects of how humans process sentences. Most notably, model-based surprisals predict event-related potentials such as N400 amplitudes during parsing. Assuming that these models represent realistic estimates of human linguistic experience, their success in modeling language processing raises the possibility that the human processing system relies on no other principles than the general architecture of language models and on sufficient linguistic input...
2024: Neurobiology of language
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yingzhou Lu, Tianyi Chen, Nan Hao, Capucine Van Rechem, Jintai Chen, Tianfan Fu
Background: Clinical trial is a crucial step in the development of a new therapy (e.g., medication) and is remarkably expensive and time-consuming. Forecasting the approval of clinical trials accurately would enable us to circumvent trials destined to fail, thereby allowing us to allocate more resources to therapies with better chances. However, existing approval prediction algorithms did not quantify the uncertainty and provide interpretability, limiting their usage in real-world clinical trial management...
2024: Health Data Sci
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yuxuan Cheng, Jing Ru, Chaobo Feng, Xiaohao Liu, Hua Zeng, Shuo Tan, Xi Chen, Feng Chen, Bing-Qiang Lu
The constituent ions of calcium phosphate in body fluids are in the supersaturated state and tend to form minerals physiologically or pathologically. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) has been considered as one of the most important inhibitors against the formation of calcium phosphate minerals. However, serum PPi concentrations in humans are maintained at a level of several μmol/L, and its effectiveness and mechanism for mineralization inhibition remain ambiguous. Therefore, this work studied the mineralization process in an aqueous solution, explored the effective inhibitory concentration of PPi by titration, and characterized the species during the reactions...
April 16, 2024: ACS Omega
#31
Amy C Moreno, Erin E Watson, Laia Humbert-Vidan, Douglas E Peterson, Lisanne V van Dijk, Teresa Guerrero Urbano, Lisa Van den Bosch, Andrew J Hope, Matthew S Katz, Frank J P Hoebers, Ruth A Aponte Wesson, James E Bates, Paolo Bossi, Adeyinka F Dayo, Mélanie Doré, Eduardo Rodrigues Fregnani, Thomas J Galloway, Daphna Y Gelblum, Issa A Hanna, Christina E Henson, Sudarat Kiat-Amnuay, Anke Korfage, Nancy Y Lee, Carol M Lewis, Charlotte Duch Lynggaard, Antti A Mäkitie, Marco Magalhaes, Yvonne M Mowery, Carles Muñoz-Montplet, Jeffrey N Myers, Ester Orlandi, Jaymit Patel, Jillian M Rigert, Deborah Saunders, Jonathan D Schoenfeld, Ugur Selek, Efsun Somay, Vinita Takiar, Juliette Thariat, Gerda M Verduijn, Alessandro Villa, Nick West, Max J H Witjes, Alex Won, Mark E Wong, Christopher M K L Yao, Simon W Young, Kamal Al-Eryani, Carly E A Barbon, Doke J M Buurman, François J Dieleman, Theresa M Hofstede, Abdul Ahad Khan, Adegbenga O Otun, John C Robinson, Lauren Hum, Jorgen Johansen, Rajesh Lalla, Alexander Lin, Vinod Patel, Richard J Shaw, Mark S Chambers, Daniel Ma, Mabi Singh, Noam Yarom, Abdallah Sherif Radwan Mohamed, Katherine A Hutcheson, Stephen Y Lai, Clifton David Fuller
PURPOSE: Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) is a severe iatrogenic disease characterized by bone death after radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck. With over 9 published definitions and at least 16 diagnostic/staging systems, the true incidence and severity of ORNJ are obscured by lack of a standard for disease definition and severity assessment, leading to inaccurate estimation of incidence, reporting ambiguity, and likely under-diagnosis worldwide. This study aimed to achieve consensus on an explicit definition and phenotype of ORNJ and related precursor states through data standardization to facilitate effective diagnosis, monitoring, and multidisciplinary management of ORNJ...
April 9, 2024: medRxiv
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Travis Park, Gustavo Burin, Daniela Lazo-Cancino, Joseph Pierce Gary Rees, James Rule, Graham Slater, Natalie Cooper
Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses, and their fossil relatives) are one of the most successful mammalian clades to live in the oceans. Despite a well-resolved molecular phylogeny and a global fossil record, a complete understanding of their macroevolutionary dynamics remains hampered by a lack of formal analyses that combine these two rich sources of information. We used a meta-analytic approach to infer the most densely sampled pinniped phylogeny to-date (36 recent and 93 fossil taxa) and used phylogenetic paleobiological methods to study their diversification dynamics and biogeographic history...
April 22, 2024: Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Mariano Martini, Niccolò Riccardi, Omar Simonetti, Davide Orsini, Francesco Samassa, Alessandra Parodi
Trachoma is one of the oldest known causes of blindness in humans and it is caused by the intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A, B, Ba and C. Its transmission has historically been related to poorness, overcrowded housing and scarce hygiene. We have traced the history of trachoma in Italy in the 19th and 20th centuries, among people living in Italy, those who immigrated to America and the population in the colonies, with a focus on Libya (1912-1943). Trachoma knowledge and perception in Italy and in its colonies was ambiguous during the 19th and 20th centuries...
April 21, 2024: Pathogens and Global Health
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michelle N Blomgren, Emily McCave
The ethics in Catholic hospitals are guided by the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, which provide direction on many topics, including family planning. Previous research has demonstrated there is variability in the availability of prohibited family planning services at Catholic hospitals. This study aims to research a potential source of variability in interpretation and application of the directives through interviewing ethics committee members. Participants were recruited from two different hospitals on the east coast with a total sample size of eight...
April 21, 2024: Journal of Religion and Health
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yuhang Shang, Xuelian Wang, Yansong Liu, Weilun Cheng, Yunqiang Duan, Zhengbo Fang, Jiangwei Liu, Fanjing Kong, Ting Wang, Tianshui Yu, Anbang Hu, Jiarui Zhang, Hanyu Zhang, Mingcui Li, Zhiyuan Rong, Yanling Li, Suborna S Shakila, Xinxin Li, Jianyuan Feng, Fei Ma, Baoliang Guo
BACKGROUND: Guideline recommendations for the application of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in T2N1M0 stage hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative (HR + /HER2-) breast cancer are ambiguous. The debate continues regarding whether NACT or adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) offers superior survival outcomes for these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female patients diagnosed with HR + /HER2- breast cancer at T2N1M0 stage between 2010 and 2020, were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and divided into two groups, the NACT group and the ACT group...
April 21, 2024: Breast Cancer: the Journal of the Japanese Breast Cancer Society
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Oldřich Bartoš, Martin Chmel, Iva Swierczková
The role of 16S rRNA has been and largely remains crucial for the identification of microbial organisms. Although 16S rRNA could certainly be described as one of the most studied sequences ever, the current view of it remains somewhat ambiguous. While some consider 16S rRNA to be a variable marker with resolution power down to the strain level, others consider them to be living fossils that carry information about the origin of domains of cellular life. We show that 16S rRNA is clearly an evolutionarily very rigid sequence, making it a largely unique and irreplaceable marker, but its applicability beyond the genus level is highly limited...
April 20, 2024: Scientific Reports
#37
REVIEW
Maksim I Sulatsky, Olga V Stepanenko, Olesya V Stepanenko, Olga I Povarova, Irina M Kuznetsova, Konstantin K Turoverov, Anna I Sulatskaya
BACKGROUND: The accumulation of ordered protein aggregates, amyloid fibrils, accompanies various neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and causes a wide range of systemic and local amyloidoses (such as insulin, hemodialysis amyloidosis, etc.). Such pathologies are usually diagnosed when the disease is already irreversible and a large amount of amyloid plaques have accumulated. In recent years, new drugs aimed at reducing amyloid levels have been actively developed...
April 18, 2024: Journal of Advanced Research
#38
REVIEW
Michele D'Alto, Roberto Badagliacca, Edoardo Airò, Pietro Ameri, Paola Argiento, Andrea Garascia, Carlo Mario Lombardi, Massimiliano Mulè, Claudia Raineri, Laura Scelsi, Carmine Dario Vizza, Stefano Ghio
A comprehensive evaluation of risk, using multiple indices, is necessary to provide reliable prognostic information and guide therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The current ESC/ERS guidelines suggest using a three-strata model for incident (newly diagnosed) patients and a four-strata model for prevalent patients with PAH. The four-strata model serves as a fundamental risk-stratification tool and relies on a minimal dataset of indicators that must be considered during follow-up. Nevertheless, there are still areas of vagueness and ambiguity when classifying and managing patients in the intermediate-risk category...
April 18, 2024: Vascular Pharmacology
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tiffany A Gardner, Alexandra Fuher, August Longino, Eric M Sink, James Jurica, Bryan Park, Jonathan Lindquist, Todd M Bull, Peter Hountras
BACKGROUND: The management of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) has become increasingly complex with the expansion of advanced therapeutic options, resulting in the development and widespread adoption of multidisciplinary Pulmonary Embolism Response Teams (PERTs). Much of the literature evaluating the impact of PERTs has been limited by pre- postimplementation study design, leading to confounding by changes in global practice patterns over time, and has yielded mixed results. To address this ambiguity, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of the distinct exposures of PERT availability and direct PERT consultation...
April 19, 2024: Thrombosis Journal
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tae-Kyu Lee, Eun Ho Park, Min Ho Lee
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) raises ethical concerns about its side effects on the attitudes and behaviors of clinicians and medical practitioners. The authors aim to understand the medical ethics of AI-based chatbots and to suggest coping strategies for an emerging landscape of increased access and potential ambiguity using AI. This study examines the medical ethics of AI-based chatbots (ChatGPT, Bing Chat, and Google's Bard) using multiple-choice questions. ChatGPT and Bard correctly answered all questions (5/5), while Bing Chat correctly answered only three of five questions...
April 17, 2024: World Neurosurgery
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