imidacloprid

Imidacloprid is still a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide that is banned in many countries because of the associated environmental risks. Due to the inefficiency of conventional wastewater treatments for pesticide removal, new treatment methods are being investigated. Electrochemical methods, including electrocoagulation (EC), seem to be promising alternatives considering their effectiveness in removing various pollutants from wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electrode material, current density, ultrasound, and operation time on the efficiency of imidacloprid removal from a model solution by EC...

Bumblebees play a vital role in both natural and agricultural environments, however there has been a noticeable decline in their populations. Pesticides, particularly neonicotinoids, are widely regarded as a substantial contributing factor to the decline in bumblebee populations, as evidenced by the detrimental impacts documented across many stages of their life cycle. Mating is vital for the population maintenance of bumblebees. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of research conducted on the effects of pesticides on the mating process...

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) have gained widespread usage as the most prevalent class of insecticides globally and are frequently detected in the environment, posing potential risks to biodiversity and human health. Wastewater discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a substantial source of environmental NEOs. However, research tracking NEO variations in different treatment units at the WWTPs after being treated by the treatment processes remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate the fate of nine parent NEOs (p-NEOs) and five metabolites in two municipal WWTPs using distinct treatment processes...

Imidacloprid enters the water environment through rainfall and causes harm to aquatic crustaceans. However, the potential chronic toxicity mechanism of imidacloprid in crayfish has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) were exposed to 11.76, 35.27, or 88.17 μg/L imidacloprid for 30 days, and changes in the physiology and biochemistry, gut microbiota, and transcriptome of C. quadricarinatus and the interaction between imidacloprid, gut microbiota, and genes were studied...

A facile procedure for extracting and determining seven neonicotinoids was developed. Water was the only extraction solvent without phase separation and cleanup steps. The method was validated according to European Union standards, and the values obtained were compared with the criteria. The accuracy values were between 99.8% (thiamethoxam) and 106.8% (clothianidin) at the spiking levels of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg in the tested matrices. The precision as pooled RSD values was ≤6.1% (intra-day) and ≤6...

Ginger is consumed as a spice and medicine globally. However, pesticide residues in ginger and their residue changes during processing remain poorly understood. Our results demonstrate that clothianidin, carbendazim and imidacloprid were the top detected pesticides in 152 ginger samples with detection rates of 17.11-27.63%, and these pesticides had higher average residues of 44.07-97.63 μg/kg. Although most samples contained low levels of pesticides, 66.45% of the samples were detected with pesticides, and 38...

The neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid has been used worldwide since 1992. As one of the most important chemicals used in pest control, there have been concerns that its run-off into rivers and lakes could adversely affect aquatic ecosystems, where zooplankton play a central role in the energy flow from primary to higher trophic levels. However, studies assessing the effects of pesticides at the species level have relied on a Daphnia-centric approach, and no studies have been conducted using species-level assessments on a broad range of zooplankton taxa...

The 2018 LUCAS (Land Use and Coverage Area frame Survey) Soil Pesticides survey provides a European Union (EU)-scale assessment of 118 pesticide residues in more than 3473 soil sites. This study responds to the policy need to develop risk-based indicators for pesticides in the environment. Two mixture risk indicators are presented for soil based, respectively, on the lowest and the median of available No Observed Effect Concentration (NOECsoil,min and NOECsoil,50 ) from publicly available toxicity datasets...

Neonicotinoids (NEOs) have been designed to act selectively on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, nAChRs are also expressed in vertebrate immune cells, so NEOs may interfere with the immune system in exposed non-target animals. The present study shows that NEOs: imidacloprid and thiacloprid, and their main metabolites: desnitro-imidacloprid and thiacloprid amide, at sub-micromolar concentrations ranging from 2.25 to 20 μM, affect the immune cells of fish. This was found both in primary cultures of leukocytes isolated from the carp head kidney and in the continuous adherent carp monocyte/macrophage cell line...

The persistence in the environment and possible harmful effects of neonicotinoid insecticides have raised some concerns, which have led to the proposal of various measures for their remediation. The aim of this work was to study the elimination of five neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam (THM), imidacloprid (IMI), clothianidin (CLO), thiacloprid (THC), and acetamiprid (ACE)) using ferrate (Fe(VI)) as the oxidizing agent. Firstly, second-order rate constants for the reactions of neonicotinoids with Fe(VI) were determined at different pHs...

Insecticides, including the widely used neonicotinoids, can affect both pest and non-target species. In addition to lethal effects, these insecticides at sub-lethal levels may cause disruption to sensory perception and processing leading to behavioural impairments. In this laboratory experiment, we investigated the effects of a 10-day exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid, on the behaviour of larvae of the damselfly, Lestes congener. In tests of baseline activity, imidacloprid concentrations of 1...

Numerous chemical compounds are found in aquatic environments; among them are pesticides. Pesticides are widely used worldwide, and this use has progressively increased in recent decades, resulting in the accumulation of potentially toxic compounds in surface waters. Dimethylamine-based herbicides (DBH) and imidacloprid-based insecticides (IBI) have low soil absorption and high water solubility, facilitating the arrival of these compounds in aquatic environments. In this study, our objective was to analyze whether two pesticides, DBH and IBI at environmentally relevant concentrations of 320 μg/L for each compound, and their mixtures impact the behavioral and endocrine parameters of adult zebrafish, verifying the effect of pesticides on exploratory behavior and social and analyzing hormonal parameters related to stress...

UNLABELLED: This study investigated the determination of 207 pesticides in hot pepper powder and found patterns of pesticide use by production from five regions, detecting a total of 50 pesticides. The LOD, LOQ and recoveries of pesticides were 0.08-2.53, 0.25-7.60 μg kg-1 , and 81.0-132.1%, respectively. The Horrat values ranged from 0.07 to 1.97. A total of 50 residual pesticides were detected in 963 hot pepper powder samples. All residual pesticide levels were below the Korean maximum residue level (MRL) and the %ADI was ≤ 0...

A novel integrated electrochemical oxidation (EO) and bacterial degradation (BD) technique was employed for the remediation of the chloropyridinyl and chlorothiazolyl classes of neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides in the environment. Imidacloprid (IM), clothianidin (CL), acetamiprid (AC), and thiamethoxam (TH) were chosen as the target NEOs. Pseudomonas oleovorans SA2, identified through 16S rRNA gene analysis, exhibited the potential for BD. In EO, for the selected NEOs, the total percentage of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was noted in a range of 58-69%, respectively...

Myzus persicae is an important pest that has developed resistance to nearly all currently used insecticidal products. The employment of insecticide synergists is one of the effective strategies that need to be developed for the management of this resistance. Our study showed that treatment with a combination of the antibiotic, rifampicin, with imidacloprid, cyantraniliprole, or clothianidin significantly increased their toxicities against M. persicae, by 2.72, 3.59, and 2.41 folds, respectively. Rifampicin treatment led to a noteworthy reduction in the activities of multifunctional oxidases (by 32...

Neonicotinoids are insecticides widely used in the world. Although neonicotinoids are believed to be toxic only to insects, their developmental neurotoxicity in mammals is a concern. Therefore, we examined the effects of developmental exposure to neonicotinoids on immune system in the brain and post-developmental behaviors in this study. Imidacloprid or clothianidin was orally administered to dams at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day from embryonic day 11 to postnatal day 21. Imidacloprid decreased sociability, and both imidacloprid and clothianidin decreased locomotor activity and induced anxiety, depression and abnormal repetitive behaviors after the developmental period...

Although the neonicotinoid insecticides have good selectivity towards insects rather than vertebrates, they have severe effects on honeybee production and pollination activities. Therefore, the effects of imidacloprid (IMI), the most used neonicotinoid, on the two main bioreceptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit (nAChRα1) of honeybees were examined to identify their roles in honeybee toxicity and possible binding sites which assist in selecting and designing neonicotinoids...

The comet assay allows the analysis of DNA damage caused by different genotoxins. This assay has recently gained interest because of its ease of studying the interactions of xenobiotics with different organisms. Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) is a species of great economic relevance because it is a predator of major agricultural pests during its larval stage. Neonicotinoids are the most important chemical class of insecticides introduced into markets. A previous imidacloprid toxicity assessment on C. externa showed that this neonicotinoid insecticide reduced the egg viability...

The control of the sheep blowfly relies on the use of insecticides. There have been several reports of in vitro and in vivo resistance to the most widely-used flystrike control chemical, dicyclanil. A recent report also described in vitro resistance to imidacloprid in a strain collected from a single property over three consecutive seasons that also showed resistance to dicyclanil. The present study aimed to use in vitro assays to examine five field-collected blowfly strains to determine if this co-occurrence of resistance to dicyclanil and imidacloprid was present more widely in field strains and to also measure resistance patterns to the other currently-used flystrike control chemicals...

Metabolic alternation is a typical characteristic of insecticide resistance in insects. However, mechanisms underlying metabolic alternation and how altered metabolism in turn affects insecticide resistance are largely unknown. Here, we report that nicotinamide levels are decreased in the imidacloprid-resistant strain of Nilaparvata lugens, may due to reduced abundance of the symbiotic bacteria Arsenophonus. Importantly, the low levels of nicotinamide promote imidacloprid resistance via metabolic detoxification alternation, including elevations in UDP-glycosyltransferase enzymatic activity and enhancements in UGT386B2-mediated metabolism capability...