Kidney hypothalamus

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Asprosin was discovered as a new endocrine hormone originating from fibrillin-1 cleavage that plays a crucial role in various metabolic-related diseases, such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent advancements of asprosin. METHOD: Narrative review. RESULT: This comprehensive review explores its tissue-specific functions, focusing on white adipose tissue, liver, hypothalamus, testis, ovary, heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and kidney...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cistanche tubulosa (CT) is the dried fleshy stem with scaly leaves of Cistanche tubiflora (Schenk) Wight, which has the effects of tonifying the kidney-yang, benefiting the vital essence and blood, and moisturizing the intestines and laxatives. There are differences in the activity of CT before and after processing, but the mechanism of processing is not clear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to compare the strength of action of CT before and after yellow-wine processing in the treatment of constipation and kidney yang deficiency and to identify the active ingredients responsible for the differences in activity before and after yellow-wine processing...

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) plays an important role in regulating the expression of glucocorticoid actions in target tissues. Overexpression of 11β-HSD1 in mouse adipose tissue causes a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype, leading to hypertension. Although, many 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been studied, few have shown a clear ameliorative effect against hypertension. We investigated whether JTT-654, a novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, ameliorated hypertension and elucidated the underlying mechanisms...

It is well known that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are related to increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, besides these prominently presented complications, DM has also been associated with reproductive dysfunctions. It seems that these disorders are met in up to 40% of women with DM and consist of delayed menarche, all types of menstrual disorders, such as amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, as well as menorrhagia, infertility, characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and early (or rarely late) menopause...

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have been implicated in sympathetic nerve activity and the development of hypertension, but the specific mechanisms underlying their production in the PVN remains to be elucidated. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of nuclear transcription related factor-2 (Nrf2) in the PVN reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), has been observed to decrease ROS and inflammatory cytokine production when activated in the periphery...

The harsh and dry conditions of desert environments have resulted in genomic adaptations, allowing for desert organisms to withstand prolonged drought, extreme temperatures, and limited food resources. Here, we present a comprehensive exploration of gene expression across five tissues (kidney, liver, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and hypothalamus) and 19 phenotypic measurements to explore the whole-organism physiological and genomic response to water deprivation in the desert-adapted cactus mouse ( Peromyscus eremicus )...

Hypothalamus is central to food intake and satiety. Recent data unveiled the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) on hypothalamic neurons and their interaction with GABAA and serotoninergic neuronal circuits. However, the precise mechanisms governing energy homeostasis remain elusive. Notably, in females, the consumption of progesterone-containing preparations, such as hormonal replacement therapy and birth control pills, has been associated with hyperphagia and obesity-effects mediated through the hypothalamus...

A growing life expectancy may result in a chronic medical condition and multimorbidity because the aging process leads to a decrease in cognitive and physiological function. These risks may affect the quality of life of geriatrics. The present study aims to determine the correlation between cognitive status (in terms of SIRT1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ )-dependent class III deacetylase) and metabolic function (in terms of the lipid profile, kidney function, and blood glucose) in geriatric patients...

BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic neuroinflammation is associated with disorders of lipid metabolism. Considering the anti-neuroinflammation effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2) inhibitors, a central administration of Dapagliflozin is postulated to provide hypothalamic protection and change lipid metabolism in kidney against diabetic kidney disease (DKD). METHODS: Blood samples of DKD patients were collected. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin and a high-fat diet, db/db mice and palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated BV2 microglia were used for study models...

This review summarises the current literature regarding infertility in women with chronic kidney disease (CKD), describing the epidemiology, pathophysiology, investigations, and management options. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, with proposed mechanisms including disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, psychological factors, and gonadotoxic effects of medications such as cyclophosphamide. Diagnostic investigations in CKD patients seeking to conceive should be considered earlier than in the healthy population...

BACKGROUND: Cellular senescence is an age-related physiological process that contributes to tissue dysfunction and accelerated onset of chronic metabolic diseases including hypertension. Indeed, elevation of blood pressure in hypertension coincides with premature vascular aging and dysfunction. In addition, onsets of metabolic disturbance and osteopenia in patients with hypertension have also been reported. It is possible that hypertension enhances premature aging and causes progressive loss of function in multiple organs...

The regulation of thyroid activity and thyroid hormone (TH) secretion is based on feedback mechanisms that involve the anterior pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) and medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) TSH-releasing hormone (TRH). Plasma T3 levels can be "sensed" directly by the anterior pituitary and MBH, plasma T4 levels require local conversion of T4 to T3, which is mediated by the type 2 deiodinase (D2). To study D2-mediated T4 to T3 conversion and T3 production in the anterior pituitary gland, we used mouse pituitary explants incubated with 125I-T4 for 48 h to measure T3 production at different concentrations of free T4...

Copper (Cu) is one of the essential trace elements in the body, but excessive amounts of Cu harm multiple organs and tissues such as liver, kidneys, testis, ovaries, and brain. However, the mechanism of hypothalamic neurotoxicity induced by Cu is still unknown. This study examined the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitophagy in mouse hypothalamus treated with high Cu. The results demonstrated that high levels of copper sulfate (CuSO4 ) could cause histopathological and neuronal changes in the mouse hypothalamus, produce a large amount of ROS, induce mitophagy, and lead to an imbalance of mitochondrial fusion/fission...

The kidneys facilitate energy conservation through reabsorption of nutrients including glucose. Almost all of the filtered blood glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys. Loss of glucose in urine (glycosuria) is offset by an increase in endogenous glucose production to maintain normal energy supply in the body. How the body senses this glucose loss and consequently enhances glucose production is unclear. Using renal Glut2 knockout mice, we demonstrate that elevated glycosuria activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which in turn drives endogenous glucose production...

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an important neurotransmitter, is widely distributed in the nervous systems of vertebrates. Multiple functions of NPY in mammals include the regulation of brain activity, emotion, stress response, feeding, digestion, metabolism and immune function. In the present study, we used synthetic NPY to immerse juvenile tilapia, thus firstly exploring the dose and time effect of this immersion. The results showed that the expression level of y8b and serum glucose increased after NPY immersion. When juvenile tilapia was challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae (S...

Even though water is the most essential nutrient for poultry production, adequate data on individual water intake in broiler chickens and its relationship with other traits of economic importance is scant. Water is provided to chickens in an unrestricted manner in spite of being a finite resource. Climate change continues to affect water sources and efficient bird use of water is long overdue. Understanding the biological basis of water intake is essential for sustainability of the poultry industry. Individual water and feed intake, and growth data was collected on 520 commercial broilers aged 14 to 42 days...

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain major global healthcare challenges, and developing therapeutics necessitates using nonhuman primate models. Here, we present a transcriptomic and proteomic atlas of all the major organs of cynomolgus monkeys with spontaneous obesity or T2D in comparison to healthy controls. Molecular changes occur predominantly in the adipose tissues of individuals with obesity, while extensive expression perturbations among T2D individuals are observed in many tissues such as the liver and kidney...

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv (EUO) is a traditional therapeutic drug that tonifies the liver and kidney and may improve depression. However, the mechanism of action of the main component, aucubin (AU), is unknown. To study the therapeutic effect of AU, we constructed a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model in mice. Depression-like behaviors, pathological damage, hormonal changes, inflammation, intranuclear expression of glucocorticoidreceptor (GR), and hippocampal protein expression were assessed...

Background: Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome (KDS) is a group of diseases related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sexual dysfunction. The folium of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. (FEB) includes raw and prepared slices, named RFEB and PFEB, respectively. PFEB is traditionally believed to be good for tonifying kidney-Yang and improving sexual dysfunction. However, there are few studies comparing the pharmacological effects of RFEB and PFEB, and their underlying mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects and safety of RFEB and PFEB on the HPA axis and sexual function...

Renal denervation (RDN) is a therapy for drug-resistant hypertension. Whether its effects are mediated by ablation of efferent or afferent renal nerves is not clear. Studies implicate that renal inflammation and the sympathetic activity are driven activation renal nerves. RDN attenuated renal inflammation and sympathetic activity in some animal models of hypertension. In the 2 kidney-1 clip (2K1C) model of renovascular hypertension, RDN also decreased sympathetic activity however, mechanisms underlying renal and central inflammation is unclear...