Differentiation cancer

A 74-year-old man was suffering from nine months of perineal pain and progressive worsening of urinary symptoms including nocturia and urgency. His prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were 1.48 ng/mL at the time of referral. Initially, a differential diagnosis of prostatitis or seminal vesicle inflammation was made, and four weeks of antibiotics were prescribed, which were later extended to six weeks due to failure of symptoms to resolve. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate was then conducted...

Given that colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality, mucinous adenocarcinoma is one of the subtypes and is characterized by the presence of mucin-producing tumor cells with mucin components and is more challenging to manage. In Saudi Arabia, it represents approximately 10-15% of all colorectal carcinoma. The main etiological cause of mucinous adenocarcinoma is yet not well understood. The main goal of our study is to discuss the histopathology and the molecular background of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma and also to provide an update on its prognosis and therapeutics from recent published literature...

Multiple primary tumors are rare but their incidence is increasing nowadays with advancements in diagnostic methods and the extended survival of individuals previously treated for malignancies. However, synchronous occurrence of gastric cancer (GC) and colonic cancer (CC) is a rare entity. A 41-year-old male came with complaints of epigastric pain associated with anorexia, rapid weight loss, and occasional constipation. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen and pelvis reported mucosal thickening in the antrum, likely GC with circumferential wall thickening of the transverse colon with pericolic fat stranding suggestive of CC...

Testicular seminoma commonly occurs in young men aged between 15 and 45 years old. Those with testicular cancer may present with a lump or swelling in the testicle. If treated and managed early, patients can expect a greater than 95% success rate. However, advanced stages of testicular seminoma can lead to eventual metastasis. We present a 45-year-old male patient with a prior history of testicular seminoma who was admitted to the emergency department with abdominal distension and acute abdominal pain. The CT identified a rather sizable abdominal mass and the biopsy confirmed metastatic testicular seminoma...

Changes in the levels of lipid sn -positional isomers are associated with perturbation of the physiological environment within the biological system. Consequently, knowing the concentrations of these lipids holds significant importance for unraveling their involvement in disease diagnosis and pathological mechanisms. However, existing methods for lipid quantification often fall short in accuracy due to the structural diversity and isomeric forms of lipids. To address this challenge, we have developed an aziridine-based isobaric tag labeling strategy that allows (i) differentiation and (ii) enhanced relative quantification of lipid sn -positional isomers from distinct samples in a single run...

The differential diagnosis between renal arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and cancer may be a challenge, due to the similar clinical and imaging findings. Herein, we report the case of an 80-year-old male patient presenting gross hematuria, initially diagnosed and treated with embolization for a renal AVM. Due to the recurrence of hematuria and rapid progression and changes of the vascular lesion with detection also of an intralesional solid nodule, a radical nephrectomy was performed revealing the presence of a renal cell carcinoma (RCC)...

Postoperative tumor recurrence remains a predominant cause of treatment failure. In this study, we developed an in situ injectable hydrogel, termed MPB-NO@DOX + ATRA gel, which was locally formed within the tumor resection cavity. The MPB-NO@DOX + ATRA gel was fabricated by mixing a thrombin solution, a fibrinogen solution containing all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and a Mn/NO-based immune nano-activator termed MPB-NO@DOX. ATRA promoted the differentiation of cancer stem cells, inhibited cancer cell migration, and affected the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages...

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a novel and feasible modification strategy to improve the solubility and antitumor activity of resiquimod (R848) by utilizing the supramolecular effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD). METHODS: R848-loaded PLGA nanoparticles modified with 2-HP-β-CD (CD@R848@NPs) were synthesized using an enhanced emulsification solvent-evaporation technique. The nanoparticles were then characterized in vitro by several methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and zeta potential analysis...

LINK-A, also recognized as LINC01139, has emerged as a key oncological lncRNA in cancer. LINK-A is upregulated in solid and liquid tumor samples, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, glioma, non-small-cell lung cancer, and mantle cell lymphoma. Notably, LINK-A is involved in regulating critical cancer-related pathways, such as AKT and HIF1α signaling, and is implicated in a range of oncogenic activities, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell invasion and migration, and glycolysis reprogramming...

Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) is a multifunctional cysteine protease primarily responsible for deconjugating interferon-inducible ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifier ISG15 from protein substrates. Here, we report the design and synthesis of activity-based probes (ABPs) capable of selectively detecting USP18 activity over other ISG15 cross-reactive deubiquitinases (DUBs) by incorporating unnatural amino acids into the C-terminal tail of ISG15. Combining with a ubiquitin-based DUB ABP, the selective USP18 ABP is employed in a chemoproteomic screening platform to identify and assess inhibitors of DUBs including USP18...

Understanding disease progression and sophisticated tumor ecosystems is imperative for investigating tumorigenesis mechanisms and developing novel prevention strategies. Here, we dissected heterogeneous microenvironments during malignant transitions by leveraging data from 1396 samples spanning 13 major tissues. Within transitional stem-like subpopulations highly enriched in precancers and cancers, we identified 30 recurring cellular states strongly linked to malignancy, including hypoxia and epithelial senescence, revealing a high degree of plasticity in epithelial stem cells...

Transcriptional profiling has become a common tool for investigating the nervous system. During analysis, differential expression results are often compared to functional ontology databases, which contain curated gene sets representing well-studied pathways. This dependence can cause neuroscience studies to be interpreted in terms of functional pathways documented in better studied tissues ( e . g ., liver) and topics ( e . g ., cancer), and systematically emphasizes well-studied genes, leaving other findings in the obscurity of the brain "ignorome"...

The most well-studied epigenetic marker in humans is the 5-methyl modification of cytosine in DNA, which has great potential as a disease biomarker in liquid biopsies of cell-free DNA. Currently, quantification of DNA methylation relies heavily on bisulfite conversion followed by PCR amplification and NGS or microarray analysis. PCR is subject to potential bias in differential amplification of bisulfite-converted methylated versus unmethylated sequences. Here, we combine bisulfite conversion with single-molecule kinetic fingerprinting to develop an amplification-free assay for DNA methylation at the branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) promoter...

Histon deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme is one of the enzymes involved in regulating gene expression and epigenetic alternation of cells by removing acetyl groups from lysine residue on a histone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly and suppressing a tumor-suppressing gene. HDAC inhibitors play an important role in inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells by restricting the mechanism of action of HDAC enzyme, leading to the addition of acetyl groups to lysine. Mocetinostat, also known by its chemical name (MGCD0103), is a novel isotype selective HDAC enzyme that explicitly targets HDAC isoforms inhibiting Class1(HDAC 1,2,3,8) and Class IV (HDAC11) enzymes...

UNLABELLED: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) can be highly lethal, with limited therapeutic options for patients with non-homologous recombination deficient (HRD) disease. Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1/FRα)-targeting agents have shown promise both alone and in combination with available therapies, but the relationship of FRα to other treatment-driving biomarkers is unknown. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was queried to assess protein and mRNA expression and mutational burden in patients with differential FRα protein-expressing ovarian tumors, and the results referenced against the standard 324 mutations currently tested through FoundationOne Companion Diagnostics to identify targets of interest...

UNLABELLED: Biomechanical contributions of the ECM underpin cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, signal transduction, and other fate decisions. As such, biomaterials whose mechanics can be spatiotemporally altered - particularly in a reversible manner - are extremely valuable for studying these mechanobiological phenomena. Herein, we introduce a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel model consisting of two interpenetrating step-growth networks that are independently formed via largely orthogonal bioorthogonal chemistries and sequentially degraded with distinct bacterial transpeptidases, affording reversibly tunable stiffness ranges that span healthy and diseased soft tissues (e...

Pyruvate kinase is a glycolytic enzyme that converts phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP into pyruvate and ATP. There are two genes that encode pyruvate kinase in vertebrates; Pkm and Pkl encode muscle- and liver/erythrocyte-specific forms, respectively. Each gene encodes two isoenzymes due to alternative splicing. Both muscle-specific enzymes, Pkm1 and Pkm2, function in glycolysis, but Pkm2 also has been implicated in gene regulation due to its ability to phosphorylate histone 3 threonine 11 (H3T11) in cancer cells...

UNLABELLED: Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of bone marrow plasma cells, is the second-most common hematological malignancy. However, despite immunotherapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, relapse is nearly universal. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment influences how MM cells survive, proliferate, and resist treatment. Yet, it is unclear which BM niches give rise to MM pathophysiology. Here, we present a 3D microvascularized culture system, which models the endosteal and perivascular bone marrow niches, allowing us to study MM-stroma interactions in the BM niche and model responses to therapeutic CAR-T cells...

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAS) is a rare subtype of mucinous adenocarcinoma characterized by gastric differentiation and is unrelated to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This report discusses a 40-year-old female who presented with abdominal distension accompanied by increased abdominal circumference. CT of the abdomen and pelvis showed a large 21.0*12.7*26.0 cm mass later diagnosed as GAS combined with squamous cell carcinoma on surgical pathology. Immunohistological staining of GAS was positive for CK7, MUC6, PAX-8 CEA, and P53 (wild type) and negative for CDX2, CK20, ER, PR, P16, and WT1...

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) occupies a high proportion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. TSCC features high lymph node metastasis rates and chemotherapy resistance with a poor prognosis. Therefore, an effective therapy strategy is needed to improve patient prognosis. Melatonin (MT) is a natural indole compound shown to have anti-tumor effects in several cancers. This study focused on the role and mechanism of MT in TSCC cells. The results of the study suggest that MT could inhibit cell proliferation in CRL-1623 cells...