Second eye refinement

Sensory information is transduced into electrical signals in the periphery by specialized sensory organs, which relay this information to the thalamus and subsequently to cortical primary sensory areas. In the cortex, microcircuits constituted by interconnected pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons, distributed throughout the cortical column, form the basic processing units of sensory information underlying sensation. In the mouse, these circuits mature shortly after birth. In the first postnatal week cortical activity is characterized by highly synchronized spontaneous activity...

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential accuracy of different second eye refinement methods in a patient cohort with short axial eye length to assess the performance of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation schemes in high hyperopes. Methodology: The study design was a single-center, single-surgeon retrospective consecutive case series. The setting of the study was in Augen- und Laserklinik, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany. Patients were assessed after uneventful bilateral cataract surgery implanting either spherical (SA60AT) or aspheric (ZCB00) IOLs...

In coming decades, artificial intelligence (AI) platforms are expected to build on the profound achievements demonstrated in research papers towards implementation in real-world medicine. The implementation of AI systems is likely to be as an adjunct to clinicians rather than a replacement, but it still has the potential for a revolutionary impact on ophthalmology specifically and medicine in general in terms of addressing crucial scientific, socioeconomic and capacity challenges facing populations worldwide...

Introduction There are limited educational studies on effective ways to teach and learn medical eponyms. While there is no consensus on how to best address this issue, developing novel strategies to teach medical eponyms has become critical in many branches of medicine, including ophthalmology.  Materials & Methods An ophthalmologic eponymic database was created using eight source texts (e.g., books, encyclopedias, and dictionaries) and included the year the eponym was introduced, related name, nationality, specialty, and the eponym's description...

Purpose: We propose and evaluate a hybrid model composed of two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with different architectures for automatic segmentation of retina layers in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) B-scans of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: The hybrid model consisted of a U-Net for initial semantic segmentation and a sliding-window (SW) CNN for refinement by correcting the segmentation errors of U-Net. The U-Net construction followed Ronneberger et al...

PURPOSE: To assess a new polynomial regression formula integrating the refractive prediction error of the first operated eye in order to improve the intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation of the second eye in cataract surgery. SETTING: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France. DESIGN: Retrospective multicentric dataset study. METHODS: A polynomial regression formula called WeOptimeye2nd (WO2nd) was developed using a machine-learning algorithm trained on a dataset of 534 patients who underwent sequential bilateral cataract surgery...

Purpose: In this study, we apply psychophysical scaling principles based on physical (photometric) attributes of images to better understand the factors involved in clinician judgement of ocular surface staining and, using that knowledge, to develop photographic scales for the assessment of staining for dry eye (DE) and related conditions. Methods: Subjects with noninfectious ocular surface staining were enrolled at five clinical sites. Following instillation of fluorescein, photographs of corneal staining were taken every 30 seconds for at least 5 minutes...

During early development, before the eyes open, synaptic refinement of sensory networks depends on activity generated by developing neurons themselves. In the mouse visual system, retinal cells spontaneously depolarize and recruit downstream neurons to bursts of activity, where the number of recruited cells determines the resolution of synaptic retinotopic refinement. Here we show that during the second post-natal week in mouse visual cortex, somatostatin (SST)-expressing interneurons control the recruitment of cells to retinally driven spontaneous activity...

OBJECTIVES: Protecting healthcare workers from psychological harm is an urgent clinical issue within the current COVID-19 pandemic. Research on early psychological programmes that aim to prevent or reduce mental health symptoms and that have been tested in frontline responders may assist service providers with choosing a suitable intervention for rapid dissemination in healthcare settings. DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES: First, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were searched through a systematic literature review of early psychological interventions administered to frontline responders in the last 15 years...

BACKGROUND: Future long-duration space exploration missions, such as traveling to Mars, will create an increase in communication time delays and disruptions and remove the viability of emergency returns to Earth for timely medical treatment. Thus, higher levels of medical autonomy are necessary. Crew selection is proposed as the first line of defense to minimize medical risk for future missions; however, the second proposed line of defense is medical preparedness and crew member autonomy...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stays as an eye issue that has continuously developed in individuals who experienced diabetes. The complexities in diabetes cause harm to the vein at the back of the retina. In outrageous cases, DR could swift apparition disaster or visual impairment. This genuine impact had the option to charge through convenient treatment and early recognition. As of late, this issue has been spreading quickly, particularly in the working region, which in the end constrained the interest of an analysis of this disease from the most prompt stage...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Many studies based on fundus image and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging have been developed in the literature to help ophthalmologists through artificial-intelligence techniques. Currently, 3D spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) samples have become more important since they could enclose promising information for glaucoma detection. To analyse the hidden knowledge of the 3D scans for glaucoma detection, we have proposed, for the first time, a deep-learning methodology based on leveraging the spatial dependencies of the features extracted from the B-scans...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the intraexaminer repeatability and the interobserver reproducibility of manifest refraction. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Patients attending at least 2 preoperative refractions before undergoing subsequent refractive surgery were included. All manifest refractions were performed by 1 of 4 experienced optometrists using an automated phoropter according to a standard protocol...

BACKGROUND: Detection of germline RB1 mutations is critical for risk assessment of retinoblastoma (RB) patients. Assessment of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) is also critically important because of their prognostic significance. Herein we present a refined approach for the simultaneous identification of RB1 variants and SCNAs in the aqueous humor (AH) of RB eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects included 7 eyes of 6 RB patients that underwent AH extraction, and 4 matched tumor samples...

The sudden appearance of an unexpected object elicits the automatic allocation of spatial attention. Even without eye movements, effortless, but transient, improvements in perception occur at the onset location. Much is known about the consequences of such exogenously elicited shifts of covert attention, but most research has used stimuli that carry very little, if any, additional information. In everyday life, attention is captured by sudden onsets that, due to past experience, alert us to more than just their appearance...

BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer of the eye that can have lifelong effects on patients and families. The purpose of this study was for people affected by retinoblastoma, clinicians and researchers to jointly determine the top 10 retinoblastoma research priorities in Canada. METHODS: An adaptation of the James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership (PSP) methodology was employed. People were invited to participate in any stage of the priority-setting process if they were a resident of Canada, and were a patient with retinoblastoma (or a family member or friend of someone diagnosed with retinoblastoma) or a clinician or researcher interested in retinoblastoma...

PURPOSE: We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of a lower-cost, portable method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the corneal endothelium using a smartphone and slit-lamp biomicroscope. METHODS: In this study, at a single academic center, we recruited healthy participants to undergo imaging of the corneal endothelium using both a smartphone-based method and a specular microscope. Participants first had their eyes imaged with a CellChek NSP-9900 Specular Microscope (Konan Medical, Inc, Irvine, CA)...

The morphometric parameters of the corneal endothelium - cell density (ECD), cell size variation (CV), and hexagonality (HEX) - provide clinically relevant information about the cornea. To estimate these parameters, the endothelium is commonly imaged with a non-contact specular microscope and cell segmentation is performed to these images. In previous work, we have developed several methods that, combined, can perform an automated estimation of the parameters: the inference of the cell edges, the detection of the region of interest (ROI), a post-processing method that combines both images (edges and ROI), and a refinement method that removes false edges...

Filtration surgery has, for the past 50 years been key in the treatment of glaucoma yet a significant issue in the long-term success of such surgery is fibrosis limiting aqueous drainage. Numerous methods have been used to reduce such scarring after filtration surgery and animal models have been important in the development of such techniques. First animal models have been central in understanding molecular and cellular changes occurring in fibrosis and thus which pathways might be valuable therapeutic. Secondly animal models have been critical in determining which of these therapies is likely to be most worthwhile...

PURPOSE: To evaluate semiautomated surgical lens extraction procedures using the optical coherence tomography (OCT)-integrated Intraocular Robotic Interventional Surgical System. SETTING: Stein Eye Institute and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: Semiautomated lens extraction was performed on postmortem pig eyes using a robotic platform integrated with an OCT imaging system...