Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis

Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are common worldwide and result in considerable morbidity and mortality associated with neurologic illness. Until now, there have been no epidemiologic data regarding viruses causing aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and CNS infections in Egypt. We investigated 1735 archived cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from Egyptian patients between 2016 and 2019 and performed molecular characterization for infection for12 different viruses: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7), human enteroviruses (HEVs), human parechovirus (HPeV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), adenovirus (AdV), and mumps virus (MuV)...

Epstein-Barr virus is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that may cause both infective (encephalitis, meningitis, and so forth) and postinfection inflammatory (such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis) manifestations in the CNS. Diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-related CNS pathologies is often complicated due to a nonspecific clinical presentation and overlap with other infectious and noninfectious causes, both clinically and on imaging. The Epstein-Barr virus is also implicated in several lymphoproliferative disorders in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts...

INTRODUCTION: Establishing the etiological cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is challenging due to the distinct distribution of various etiological agents. This study aims to determine the etiological profiles of both viruses and bacteria and their associated clinico-epidemiological features among the AES suspected cases in Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS: Samples of 5136 suspected AES cases from January 2016 to December 2020 (5 years) were subjected to the detection of etiological agents for AES through serological and molecular diagnosis methods...

BACKGROUND: The risk of infections among patients with psoriasis undergoing interleukin (IL)-23 inhibitors (IL-23i) and IL-17 inhibitors (IL-17i) is yet to be exhaustively determined. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of infectious complications in patients with psoriasis managed by IL-23i and IL-17i with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) as a comparator. METHODS: A global cohort study comprised two distinct analyses comparing patients with psoriasis under different therapeutic modalities; (i) new users of IL-23i (n = 5272) versus TNFi (n = 5272) and (ii) new users of IL-17i (n = 15,160) versus TNFi (n = 15,160)...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a causative agent for several types of lymphomas and mucosal cancers, is a human lymphotropic herpesvirus with the capacity to establish lifelong latent infection. More than 90% of the human population worldwide is infected. The primary infection is usually asymptomatic in childhood, whereas infectious mononucleosis (IM) is common when the infection occurs in adolescence. Primary EBV infection, with or without IM, or reactivation of latent infection in immunocompromised individuals have been associated with a wide range of neurologic conditions, such as encephalitis, meningitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and cerebellitis...

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis (NMDAR AE) is an antibody-mediated neurological disorder that may be caused by post-herpes simplex virus-1 meningoencephalitis (HSV ME) and ovarian teratomas, although most pediatric cases are idiopathic. We sought to evaluate if other infections precede NMDAR AE by conducting a single-center, retrospective, case-control study of 86 pediatric cases presenting to Texas Children's Hospital between 2006 and 2022. HSV ME (HSV-1 and HSV-2) was a significantly more common preceding infection in the experimental group compared to control patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, while there was no difference in remote HSV infection between the two groups...

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a membrane-bound mitochondrial enzyme that maintains the steady state of neurotransmitters and other biogenic amines in biological systems through catalytic oxidation and deamination. MAO dysfunction is closely related to human neurological and psychiatric diseases and cancers. However, little is known about the relationship between MAO and viral infections in humans. This review summarises current research on how viral infections participate in the occurrence and development of human diseases through MAO...

BACKGROUND: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) can lead to the development of SIV encephalitis (SIVE), which is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced dementia. METHODS: This was done by analyzing SIV and SIVE encephalitis in infected M. mulatta hippocampus samples from two microarray data sets, identifying two groups of common differentially expressed genes and predicting associated protein interactions...

UNLABELLED: To explore the autoimmune response and outcome in the central nervous system (CNS) at the onset of viral infection and correlation between autoantibodies and viruses. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted in 121 patients (2016-2021) with a CNS viral infection confirmed via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) next-generation sequencing (cohort A). Their clinical information was analysed and CSF samples were screened for autoantibodies against monkey cerebellum by tissue-based assay...

COVID-19, with persistent and new onset of symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertional malaise, and cognitive dysfunction that last for months and impact everyday functioning, is referred to as Long COVID under the general category of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PASC is highly heterogenous and may be associated with multisystem tissue damage/dysfunction including acute encephalitis, cardiopulmonary syndromes, fibrosis, hepatobiliary damages, gastrointestinal dysregulation, myocardial infarction, neuromuscular syndromes, neuropsychiatric disorders, pulmonary damage, renal failure, stroke, and vascular endothelial dysregulation...

Brainstem encephalitis is rare and this study aims to report the clinical course, imaging features, and therapeutic response of hiccup patient with gastric ulcer who developed brainstem encephalitis with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) detected in cerebrospinal fluid and then subsequently followed by development of duodenal perforation. Data of a gastric ulcer patient who suffered from hiccups, with brainstem encephalitis detected and then subsequently suffered from duodenal perforation were collected retrospectively and analyzed...

BACKGROUND: Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to high-risk opportunistic infections and malignant diseases. Most antiviral and antifungal drugs are quite toxic, relatively ineffective, and induce resistance in the long term. The transfer of pathogen-specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes has shown a minimal toxicity profile and effectiveness in treating Cytomegalovirus, Adenovirus, Epstein - Barr virus, BK Virus and Aspergillus infections, but this therapy have the main limitations of regulatory issues, high cost, and absence of public cell banks...

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With recent findings connecting the Epstein-Barr virus to an increased risk of multiple sclerosis and growing concerns regarding the neurological impact of the coronavirus pandemic, we examined potential links between viral exposures and neurodegenerative disease risk. Using time series data from FinnGen for discovery and cross-sectional data from the UK Biobank for replication, we identified 45 viral exposures significantly associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative disease and replicated 22 of these associations...

INTRODUCTION: Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are a major threat to public health. Proper laboratory surveillance plays an important role in estimating the disease burden that helps in taking preventive measures for controlling seasonal diseases. This study focuses on the prevalence of different viral diseases in the state of Odisha, India, from 2010-2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 43,397 patients with clinical suspicion of viral diseases were screened for different viral etiology during 2010-2017...

Immunoglobulin G antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) associated disease is a rare, demyelinated disease in the central nerve system (CNS) predominately involving optic nerve, spinal cord, and brain leading to optic neuritis (ON), transverse myelitis (TM), encephalitis. The phenotype of MOG-IgG-associated encephalitis is similar to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) presenting with seizures, abnormal behavioral and psychological symptoms, and cognitive impairment. A few brain biopsies show multiple sclerosis (MS) pattern histopathology with T cells, macrophages, and complement activation...

This article addresses the relationship between human herpesviruses (HHVs) and neuroinfections. Alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses are neurotropic viruses that establish latency and exhibit reactivation capacity. Encephalitis and meningitis are common in cases of HHV. The condition promoted by HHV infection is a purported trigger for certain neurodegenerative diseases. Ongoing studies have identified an association between HSV-1 and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and infections by HHV-6 and Epstein-Barr virus...

OBJECTIVES: To study the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in detecting intracranial Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in children with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) with central nervous system involvement. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the cerebrospinal fluid mNGS results of 30 HPS children with central nervous system involvement, which were compared with the results of cerebrospinal fluid EBV-DNA detection and serum EBV antibody profile...

Early growth response 1 (EGR1) is a multifunctional mammalian transcription factor capable of both enhancing and/or inhibiting gene expression. EGR1 can be activated by a wide array of stimuli such as exposure to growth factors, cytokines, apoptosis, and various cellular stress states including viral infections by both DNA and RNA viruses. Following induction, EGR1 functions as a convergence point for numerous specialized signaling cascades and couples short-term extracellular signals to influence transcriptional regulation of genes required to initiate the appropriate biological response...

Introduction. Viral infections are increasingly an important cause of central nervous system (CNS) complications. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. There is no comprehensive insight about CNS infections due to viral agents among Iranian children. Aim. This study aimed to investigate the viral aetiology, clinical and epidemiological profile of children with acute infections of the CNS. Methodology. A prospective study was conducted on children at the referral hospital in Isfahan, Iran, from June 2019 to June 2020. A multiplex PCR assay was used to detect the viral causative agent in cerebrospinal fluid and throat/rectal swab samples...