Alzeimers

BACKGROUND: Methanolic and chloroformic extract of Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum were evaluated for HPLC analysis, genotoxic and antioxidant potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genotoxic activity was carried out on human blood lymphocytes via comet assay and antioxidant activity was studied through DPPH method. RESULTS: The genotoxic potential of A. millefolium and C. villosum's methanolic and chloroformic extract was analysed using comet assay technique...

Recently, there has been a lot of focus on the environmentally friendly, specifically plant-based, synthesis of nanoparticles. The extract of leaves from Andrographis alata (A. alata) was used in the current work as a reducing agent to create selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), which will be used in biological applications (antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's and wound healing properties). As part of detailed characterization, the UV-Vis spectra showed an absorption peak at 274 nm with a size in the range of 55-75 nm were shown in morphological investigations using EDS, DLS and SEM analysis to have crystalline spherical-shaped structures...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The mitochondrion is a crucial organelle for aerobic respiration and energy metabolism. It undergoes dynamic changes, including changes in its shape, function, and distribution through fission, fusion, and movement. Under normal conditions, mitochondrial dynamics are in homeostasis. However, once the balance is upset, the nervous system, which has high metabolic demands, will most likely be affected. Recent studies have shown that the imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics is involved in the occurrence and development of various neurological diseases...

Aging is associated with a decline in cognitive abilities, mainly in memory and executive functioning. A similar but premature deterioration in cognitive capacities is the hallmark of mild cognitive impairment, Alzeimer's disease and dementia. The biochemical mechanisms that cause these neurodegenerative disorders are poorly understood. However, some evidence suggests that insufficient dietary intakes of some phospholipids could impact on brain function and increase the risk of future cognitive impairment and dementia...

This Editorial highlights an interesting study in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry in which Zhou et al. report new data showing that the ablation of serine racemase increases local insulin production in neurons of the hippocampus. The authors explored some of the possible mechanisms mediating the interaction between dampening production of D-serine and the local synthesis of insulin, and they further propose that stimulating insulin production could counteract hippocampal insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease (AD)...

Targeting the release of drugs in specific sites of the upper GI tract would meet local therapeutic goals, improve the bioavailability of specific drugs and help overcoming compliance-related limitations, especially in chronic illnesses of great social/economic impact and involving polytherapies (e.g. Parkinson's and Alzeimer's disease, tubercolosis, malaria, HIV, HCV). It has been traditionally pursued using gastroretentive (GR) systems, i.e. low-density, high-density, magnetic, adhesive and expandable devices...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Cathepsins have emerged out as significant targets in variety of tissue degenerative disorders such as inflammation, alzeimers, tumerogenesis including metastasis and invasion. Elevated levels of cathepsins and reduced cellular inhibitors at the site of these diseased conditions suggest the exploration of novel inhibitors of cathepsins. In the search of effective novel inhibitors as anti-cathepsin agents different natural products are also screened. One such molecule, curcumin has been reported as potential anti-cathepsin agent in recent past...

The widespread use of organophosphorous (OP) compounds and recent misuse of nerve agents on civilians requires an urgent need to decode their complex biological response to develop effective drugs. Proteomic profiling of biological target tissues helps in identification of molecular toxicity mechanisms. Quantitative proteomics profiling of the rat hippocampus was studied in this study. Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) labeled lysates identified 6356 proteins...

BACKGROUND: Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming more and more common in today's world. As people are continuously being exposed to exogenous factors like UV radiations, gamma rays, X-Rays, environmental pollutants and heavy metals, the cases of increased oxidative damage are increasing. Even though some amount of oxidative damage occurs in all metabolic reactions but their increase from the normal level in organisms causes neurodegenerative diseases. These neurodegenerative disorders like Alzeimers, Parkinsons disease and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar, depression are caused due to the decline in physiological and psychological functions caused by ROS and RNS...

Tauopathies have diverse presentation, progression, and neuropathology. They are linked to tau prion strains, self-replicating assemblies of unique quaternary conformation, whose origin is unknown. Strains can be propagated indefinitely in cultured cells, and induce unique patterns of transmissible neuropathology upon inoculation into mice. DS9 and DS10 cell lines propagate different synthetic strains that derive from recombinant tau. We previously observed that tau monomer adopts two conformational states: one that is inert (Mi ) and one that is seed-competent (Ms ) (Mirbaha et al...

Amyloid-beta (Ab) proteins play an important role in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Ab is found in senile plaques in brains of Alzeimer's disease patients. The 42 residues of the monomer form dimers which stack to fibrils gaining several micrometers in length. Using Ab fibrils with 13 C and 15 N marker substitution, we developed an innovative approach to obtain insights to structural and chemical information of the protein. We deposited the modified protein fibrils to pre-sharped aluminium needles with >100-nm apex diameters and, using the position-sensitive mass-to-charge spectrometry technique of atom probe tomography, we acquired the chemically-resolved three dimensional information for every detected ion evaporated in small fragments from the protein...

In this study the flavonoids isolated from Artemisia macrocephala were screened out for anticholinesterase activity. The isolated flvanoids were characterized by HNMR, NOESY, COSY, HMBC, HSQC and mass spectroscopy. The compounds (1-4) in appropriate quantities were isolated from chloroform fraction using gravity column chromatography by eluting ethyl acetate/n-hexane solvent system. The flavonoids were characterized and resulted in the form of mono substituted methoxy flavones to tri substituted flavones. Ellman's assay techniques were used to find out enzyme inhibition...

OBJECT: To investigate the incidence, comorbidities, mortality, and causes of death in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). METHODS: A cohort of 536 patients with possible NPH from a defined population with a median follow-up time of 5.1 years, (range 0.04-19.9 years) was included in the study. Patients were evaluated by brain imaging and intraventricular pressure monitoring, with a brain biopsy specimen immunostained against amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated τ...

Cathepsins have emerged as promising molecular targets in a number of diseases such as Alzeimer's, inflammation and cancer. Elevated cathepsin's levels and decreased cellular inhibitor concentrations have emphasized the search for novel inhibitors of cathepsins. The present work is focused on the design and synthesis of some acetophenone phenylhydrazone based pyrazole derivatives as novel non peptidyl inhibitors of cathepsins B, H and L. The synthesized compounds after characterization have been explored for their inhibitory potency against cathepsins B, H and L...

A sensitive, accurate and rugged UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantitation of Epothilone D (EpoD), a microtubule stabilizer in development for treatment of Alzeimer's disease, in rat plasma. The ester group in EpoD can be hydrolyzed by esterases in blood or plasma, which creates a stability concern for the bioanalysis of EpoD. Species differences in the stability of EpoD in plasma were observed. Carboxylesterases were identified as the likely esterases responsible for the hydrolysis of EpoD in plasma ex vivo, and the cause of the species different stability...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an elevated risk for seizures that may be fundamentally connected to cognitive dysfunction. Supporting this link, many mouse models for AD exhibit abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in addition to the expected neuropathology and cognitive deficits. Here, we used a controllable transgenic system to investigate how network changes develop and are maintained in a model characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) overproduction and progressive amyloid pathology. EEG recordings in tet-off mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) from birth display frequent sharp wave discharges (SWDs)...

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes regulate the level of neurotransmitters by catalyzing the oxidation of various amine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. Therefore, they are the important targets for drugs used in the treatment of depression, Parkinson, Alzeimer and other neurodegenerative disorders. Elucidation of MAO-catalyzed amine oxidation will provide new insights into the design of more effective drugs. Various amine oxidation mechanisms have been proposed for MAO so far, such as single electron transfer mechanism, polar nucleophilic mechanism and hydride mechanism...

The more common sporadic form of Alzheimer disease (SAD) and the metabolic syndrome are two highly prevalent pathological conditions of Western society due to incorrect diet, lifestyle, and vascular risk factors. Due to the increasing aging of populations, prevalence of AD in western industrialized countries will rise in the near future and, thus, new knowledge in the area of molecular biology and epigenetics will probably help to reverse the neurodegenerative process. Recent data have suggested metabolic syndrome as an independent risk factor for SAD...

Withania somnifera (Ashawagandha) is very revered herb of the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine as a Rasayana (tonic). It is used for various kinds of disease processes and specially as a nervine tonic. Considering these facts many scientific studies were carried out and its adaptogenic / anti-stress activities were studied in detail. In experimental models it increases the stamina of rats during swimming endurance test and prevented adrenal gland changes of ascorbic acid and cortisol content produce by swimming stress...