Amber N Edinoff, Leah A Kaplan, Sami Khan, Murray Petersen, Emily Sauce, Christopher D Causey, Elyse M Cornett, Farnad Imani, Omid Moradi Moghadam, Adam M Kaye, Alan D Kaye
Opioids are mu receptor agonists and have been an important part of pain treatment for thousands of years. In order to use these drugs appropriately and successfully in patients, whether to control pain, to treat opiate-induced side effects, or opiate withdrawal syndromes, a solid understanding of the pharmacology of such drugs is crucial. The most recognized full agonist opioids are heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanyl. Phenanthrenes refer to a naturally occurring plant-based compound that includes three or more fused rings...
August 2021: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine