Philology

BACKGROUND: Mandrake (Mandragora spp.) is one of the most famous medicinal plant in western cultures since Biblical times and throughout written history. In many cultures, mandrake is related to magic and witchcraft, which is said to have a psychosomatic effect (especially when mandrake contains narcotic compounds) in addition to the pharmacological influence, as occurs with other narcotic magical plants. Due to its unique properties and related myths, it is not surprising that this plant has many names in many languages...

Many scholarly disciplines focusing exclusively on human behavior can and do approach philology in some form in the conduct of their analyses, especially implicitly. "Philology" is generally understood to mean a study of oral and written records, particularly in their original form to determine either their authenticity and/or their original meaning-especially at the time of their development and delivery. This present article sketches a philology of human behavioral science perspective to make explicit what is largely implicit in the conduct of the science (most notably in psychological science) to answer the provocative question of this special issue ("Is lesbian identity obsolete?")...

This study focuses on the notions of 'ruins', 'savage knowledge', and 'American race' in the works of the German naturalist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868). A somewhat neglected figure in the history of anthropology and of natural history, Martius was regarded by scholars from Europe and the Americas as a leading figure in botany and ethnology in the nineteenth century. In this article, I discuss how Martius articulated: (1) the notion of American race, that is, a broad characterization of the native peoples of the Americas rooted in a complex natural history which brought together seemingly disparate fields of knowledge, such as medicine, botany, theology, philology, and mythology; (2) having ruins as a guiding concept, which helped him to make sense of American natives; and (3) savage knowledge - a concept semantically aligned to that of ruins, and among whose principal modes of expression was shamanic practice...

The Yijing Dazhi (, Great Illustrated Directions on Medical Classics) was written by Haiyan He Yue in the Ming Dynasty. This book cited some sections from the Danxi Yi An ( , Danxi's Medical Cases), and some cases in this book were new discoveries. Using the method of philology, this paper compared the cited sections from the Danxi Yi An () in The Yijing Dazhi with the medical records in Danxi Yi An (), Gezhi Yu Lun (, Further Discourses on the Properties of Things), Danxi Zuanyao (, Collected Essentials of Master Danxi's Medical Book), and Danxi Zhifa Xinyao (, Heart and Essentials of Danxi's Treatment Methods)...

Professor Ying-ao YU came from a family with medical background and studied under the guidance of Bo-wei QIN. He graduated from Shanghai Second Medical College. He also was a graduate of the first session of the Integrated Medicine in China. After that, he was assigned to the editorial office of the Academy of Chinese Medicine, engaging in the study of clinical literature of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). With National Medical Master Zhi-zheng LU, he went to Baotou Steel Staff Hospital in Inner Mongolia to implement TCM training...

Wilhelm Baum was born on 10 November 1799 in Elbing and died at 84 years old on 6 September 1883. In Danzig he made a name for himself in the fight against cholera. He was the first honorary citizen of the Hanseatic city. At 43 years old he was appointed to the chair for surgery in Greifswald without having published any works. 1849 he transferred to Göttingen. As a result of his bibliophilism and inclination towards philology, he had collected the largest library on surgery in Germany. He was famous as an academic teacher...

In 1563, the Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachio published Libellus de Dentibus , the first book on dental anatomy. Subsequently, the surgeon Urbain Hemard authored Recherche de la Vraye Anathomie des Dents in 1582, the first book on dentistry in the French language. Hemard and Eustachio, two names integral in the biblio-historical development of dentistry, have been intertwined in a philological controversy ever since, with historians debating charges of plagiarism. Hemard's commentary on dental anatomy bears striking resemblance to Eustachio's, with the bulk of the text being an exact French translation...

This historiographic survey of extant English translations and interpretations of the renowned Hippocratic first aphorism has demonstrated a concerning acceptance and application of ancient deontological principles that have been used to justify a practice of medicine that has been both paternalistic and heteronomous. Such principles reflect an enduring Hippocratism that has perpetuated an insufficient appreciation of the moral nature of the aphorism's second sentence in the practice of the art of medicine...

The acupoints around the neck are the essential acupoints, discussed together with the five- shu points in the Chapter Benshu of Huangdi Neijing ( Yellow Emperor ' s Inner Cannon ). In this paper, based on the literature analysis, the special evidence on the arrangement of the Chapter is interpreted in detail so as to display the recognition on the acupoints in Yellow Emperor ' s Inner Cannon . In view of the acupoints around the neck, the theory of "acupoint-meridian" relationship is explained. The correlation of acupoints and meridians expressed by ancient scholars is analyzed in the evolution from Tianhui medical bamboo slips to Zhenjiu Jiayijing ( The Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion )...

This paper analyzes the problems existing in the current theory of divergent meridian (" Jingbie "), such as the unclear route of divergent meridian, the controversy in the " li - he - chu - ru " and the lack of in-depth research on the theory of " liuhe ", clarifies the source and privides insights. The author analyzed the word " Jingbie " by means of the four proofreading methods combined with philology method to explore the origin of " Jingbie ". The divergent meridians is the remnant of the original meridians system in the bamboo and silk documents, which was put into the meridians system after being sorted out by doctors...

Euibangyoochui compiled by the Korean government was finished in 1445. This book is a collection of Korean medicine. It quoted some contents from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women . This paper use the photocopy of the Japanese edition of the first year of Fumihisa(1861)printed in Korea as the master copy of Euibangyoochui, the microfilm of the edition of Qin You Shu Tang in Yuan Dynasty as the master copy of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women, in order to compare the content of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women quoted in Euibangyoochui ...

The amount of biowaste generated by university canteens (BWUC) in the faculties of the University of A Coruña (UDC) varies between 6 and 100 kg/day. In addition, the gardening services of the campus generate even higher amounts of garden waste (GrW), including pruning, which, once crushed, serves as bulking material for composting the biowaste from the canteens. Decentralized composting has been chosen with the aim of producing high quality organic fertilizers for university urban gardens while reducing the environmental burdens of both waste management and agricultural practice...

INTRODUCTION: Psychiatric hermeneutic considers only the subjective meaning and thereby ignores an entire dimension of meaning, the so called 'grammatical meaning', a term coined by Schleiermacher, which is generated autonomously, according to the rules of language and sociality. METHOD: This problem will be developed on the basis of three postulates of Schleiermacher's hermeneutics, namely that there are two given dimensions of meaning, subjective and grammatical, they have to be considered strictly separately, and nevertheless can only be grasped by their interconnectedness...

Scholars of the nineteenth-century race sciences have tended to identify the period from c. 1820- c. 1850 as a phase of transition from philologically to physically focused study. In France, the physiologist William Frédéric Edwards (1776-1842) is normally placed near the center of this transformation. A reconsideration of Edwards' oeuvre in the context of his larger biography shows that it is impossible to see a clear-cut philological to physical "paradigm shift." Although he has been remembered almost solely for his principle of the permanency of physical "types," Edwards was also committed to what he recognized as the new science of " linguistique " and proposed a new branch of comparative philology based on pronunciation...

BACKGROUND: Previous lists number from 55 to 176 plant species as "Biblical Medicinal Plants." Modern studies attest that many names on these lists are no longer valid. This situation arose due to old mistranslations and/or mistakes in botanical identification. Many previously recognized Biblical plants are in no way related to the flora of the Bible lands. Accordingly, the list needs revision. METHODS: We re-examine the list of possible medicinal plants in the Bible based on new studies in Hebrew Biblical philology and etymology, new studies on the Egyptian and Mesopotamian medicinal use of plants, on ethnobotany and on archaeobotany...

In the pages of The Southern Medical Journal , in 1919, William Osler's colleague Lewellys Barker published a piece entitled "Osler and the South." Using glowing terms but with startling inaccuracy, Barker described Osler's relationship with the South and Southerners. Essentially, the brief communication was a happy birthday letter. If Osler had any thoughts on the Civil War, Reconstruction, or the Southern agrarian mindset, he never wrote them down, and a paucity of published information is available to support Barker's comments...

BACKGROUND: Pedagogical hope is a fundamental disposition for raising children. This attitude among fathers of children with Down syndrome (DS) plays an essential role in their children's development. This phenomenological study sought to explore fathers' lived experiences and to reflect on what it means to be a pedagogically hopeful father of a child with DS. METHODS: Max van Manen's hermeneutic-phenomenological method was applied. Phenomenological interviews were held with 10 fathers of children with DS in Spain, Ecuador and Scotland...

BACKGROUND: Assistance systems serving the locomotion of older people interact in many ways with the culture of a society. Since early modern times at the latest, walking aids were tantamount to human frailty; however, the cane also symbolized governmental power or reputation. Nowadays, the cane, the wheelchair, and the rollator have not only a functional significance in terms of a better mobility, they also enable people to take an active part in social life. OBJECTIVE: This study aimes at tracing back these provisional insights into the history of civilization and thereby analyze the roots, new forms and pictures of the handling and metaphors of these assistance systems...

The construction of the artificial emissary of Fucino Lake is one of the most ambitious engineering buildings of antiquity. It was the longest tunnel ever made until the 19th century and, due to the depth of the adduction inlet, it required a monumental and complex incile , which, for functionality, cannot be compared to other ancient emissaries. The Roman emissary and its " incile " (Latin name of the inlet structure) were almost completely destroyed in the 19th century, when Fucino Lake was finally dried...

The corpus of Old English verse is an indispensable source for scholars of the Indo-European tradition, early Germanic culture and English literary history. Although it has been the focus of sustained literary scholarship for over two centuries, Old English poetry has not been subjected to corpus-wide computational profiling, in part because of the sparseness and extreme fragmentation of the surviving material. Here we report a detailed quantitative analysis of the whole corpus that considers a broad range of features reflective of sound, metre and diction...