bacteria resistance

Salmonella enterica is a common foodborne pathogen that poses significant safety risks across the world. And benzalkonium bromide (BK) is widely used as a disinfectant to sterilize the food processing equipment. It has been reported that sub-lethal concentration of disinfectants induced not only the homologous resistance but also cross-resistances. This work analyzed the induced resistances of Salmonella Enteritidis by short-term adaptation (STA) and long-term adaptation (LTA) to BK. We have demonstrated that inefficient sterilization exposes Salmonella Enteritidis to sub-lethal concentrations of BK, and adapts bacteria to a higher minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration...

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of antibiotic resistance (AR) during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was higher than pre-pandemic times. This study determined the prevalence and patterns of AR among Gram-positive and negative bacteria before, during and after COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia and identified the associated factors. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cross-sectional study was employed to identify patients with positive AR bacteria between March 2019 and March 2022...

INTRODUCTION: Although fluoroquinolones are used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced infections, acquisition of antibiotic resistance by bacteria has impaired their clinical relevance. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of norA, norB, and norC efflux pump genes-mediating fluoroquinolones resistance and measure their expression levels in MRSA isolates. METHODOLOGY: 126 S. aureus isolates were collected from different clinical samples of adult hospitalized patients and identified by conventional microbiological methods...

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial complication in pregnancy. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial etiology of UTI during pregnancy and determine the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs in treating UTIs. METHODOLOGY: Urine specimens and clinical data were collected from pregnant women who attended primary health centers in Erbil, Iraq. All specimens were cultured on appropriate media and identified by standard microbiological methods...

The health benefits of functional foods are associated with consumer interest and have supported the growth of the market for these types of foods, with emphasis on the development of new formulations based on plant extracts. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize a symbiotic preparation based on water-soluble soy extract, supplemented with inulin and xylitol and fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 8014. Regarding nutritional issues, the symbiotic formulation can be considered a source of fiber (2 g/100 mL) and proteins (2...

Pathogenic bacteria, including drug-resistant variants such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), can cause severe infections in the human body. Early detection of MRSA is essential for clinical diagnosis and proper treatment, considering the distinct therapeutic strategies for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA infections. However, the similarities between MRSA and MSSA properties present a challenge in promptly and accurately distinguishing between them. This work introduces an approach to differentiate MRSA from MSSA utilizing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) in conjunction with a neural network-based classification model...

The increasing frequency of total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasties (TKA) is marred by the rise in periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and surgical site infections (SSIs), with PJIs incurring costs over $1.62 billion as of 2020 and individual case management averaging $90,000. SSIs additionally burden the U.S. healthcare economy with billions in expenses annually. PJI prevalence in primary THA and TKA ranges from 0.5% to 2.4%, spiking to 20% in revisions and representing 25% of TKA revision causes. Projections estimate up to 270,000 annual PJI cases by 2030...

PURPOSE: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are at a risk of spontaneous focal intestinal perforation (FIP). Treatment includes supportive care, antibiotics, and drainage with/without surgery. Broad-spectrum antibiotic agents like carbapenems are applied frequently, although their use is not well-supported by the limited evidence of causal pathogens. We hypothesize that the use of carbapenems may not be necessary in VLBW infants with FIP. Our primary objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial use in VLBW infants with FIP in a cohort of the German Neonatal Network (GNN)...

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) pose a global health threat; however, there is still limited understanding of the risk factors and underlying mechanisms of CRE colonization in the gut microbiome. We conducted a matched case-control study involving 282 intensive care unit patients to analyze influencing covariates on CRE colonization. Subsequently, their effects on the gut microbiome were analyzed in a subset of 98 patients (47 CRE carriers and 51 non-CRE carriers) using whole metagenome sequences...

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti is a widespread mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions that causes significant mortality and morbidity in humans by transmitting diseases, such as dengue fever and Zika virus disease. Synthetic insecticides, such as pyrethroids, have been used to control Ae. aegypti, but these insecticides can also affect nontarget organisms and contaminate soil and water. This study aimed to investigate the mosquitocidal activity of Pseudomonas mosselii isolated from pond sludge against larvae of Ae...

Malaria is a global health problem that causes 1.5-2.7 million deaths worldwide each year. Resistance to antimalarial drugs in malaria parasites and to insecticides in vectors is one of the most serious issues in the fight against the disease. Moreover, the lack of an effective vaccine against malaria is still a major concern. Recent developments in nanotechnology have resulted in new prospects for the fight against malaria, especially by obtaining metal nanoparticles (NPs) that are less toxic, highly biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and less expensive...

Pathogenic microorganisms produce numerous metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Monitoring these metabolites in biological matrices (e.g., urine, blood, or breath) can reveal the presence of specific microorganisms, enabling the early diagnosis of infections and the timely implementation of targeted therapy. However, complex matrices only contain trace levels of VOCs, and their constituent components can hinder determination of these compounds. Therefore, modern analytical techniques enabling the non-invasive identification and precise quantification of microbial VOCs are needed...

Mammalian hosts combat bacterial infections through the production of defensive cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs). These immune factors are capable of directly killing bacterial invaders; however, many pathogens have evolved resistance evasion mechanisms such as cell surface modification, CAP sequestration, degradation, or efflux. We have discovered that several pathogenic and commensal proteobacteria, including the urgent human threat Neisseria gonorrhoeae , secrete a protein (lactoferrin-binding protein B, LbpB) that contains a low-complexity anionic domain capable of inhibiting the antimicrobial activity of host CAPs...

This study aimed to investigate the impact of temperature and the presence of other microorganisms on the susceptibility of STEC to biocides. Mature biofilms were formed at both 10°C and 25°C. An inoculum of planktonic bacteria comprising 106  CFU/mL of spoilage bacteria and 103  CFU/mL of a single E. coli strain (O157, O111, O103, and O12) was used to form mixed biofilms. The following bacterial combinations were tested: T1: Carnobacterium piscicola  +  Lactobacillus bulgaricus  + STEC, T2: Comamonas koreensis  +  Raoultella terrigena  + STEC, and T3: Pseudomonas aeruginosa  +  C...

SAR202 bacteria are abundant in the marine environment and they have been suggested to contribute to the utilization of recalcitrant organic matter (RDOM) within the ocean's biogeochemical cycle. However, this functional role has only been postulated by metagenomic studies. During a one-year microcosm incubation of an open ocean microbial community with lysed Synechococcus and its released DOM, SAR202 became relatively more abundant in the later stage (after day 30) of the incubation. Network analysis illustrated a high degree of negative associations between SAR202 and a unique group of molecular formulae (MFs) in phase 2 (day 30 to 364) of the incubation, which is empirical evidence that SAR202 bacteria are major consumers of the more oxygenated, unsaturated, and higher-molecular-weight MFs...

Rhodanine is a heterocyclic organic compound that has been investigated for its potential biomedical applications, particularly in drug discovery. Rhodanine derivatives have been examined as the medication options for numerous illnesses, including cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases. Some rhodanine derivatives have also shown promising activity against drug-resistant strains of bacteria and viruses. One of these derivatives is polyrhodanine (PR), a conducting polymer that has gained attention for its biomedical properties...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has increased globally, with extensive drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria posing a threat to patients. CASE SUMMARY: This case report describes a young man admitted for suspected tropical fever infections who experienced rapid deterioration in health. Despite negative results for tropical fever infections, he had neutrophilic leucocytosis, acute kidney injury, and chest imaging findings suggestive of bilateral consolidations...

BACKGROUND: Food safety is a serious challenge in the face of increasing population and diminishing resources. Staphylococcus aureus is a critical foodborne pathogen characterized by its capability to secret a diverse range of heat-resistant enterotoxins. Antibiotic usage in dairy herds resulted in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns among bacterial species, which were consequently transmitted to humans via dairy products. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce bacteriocins, which provide an excellent source of natural antimicrobials with the further advantage of being environmentally friendly and safe...

BACKGROUND: Mastitis in goats is unquestionably a grave concern, with far-reaching implications for both animal well-being and productivity, while also presenting a potential threat to public health. AIM: The study aimed to compare culture methods and multiplex PCR (m-PCR) in the detection of the most three common mastitis-causing pathogens ( Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Streptococcus spp.) and investigate the gene expression, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), serum concentrations of immunological and antioxidant indicators linked to mastitis in Shami goats...

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized globally as a significant health challenge, but its extent remains unclear in many regions. It is crucial to prioritize a foundational evaluation of AMR prevalence to facilitate the implementation of laboratory-based surveillance. Adopting a One Health perspective, this study outlines the present AMR status in the Middle East. AIM: To synthesize the current state of knowledge on AMR in the Middle East, delineate the contributions of different sectors (human health, animal health, and environment), and discern the effectiveness of One Health interventions in mitigating AMR...