Corticotropin releasing hormone

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of SYNC in diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and explore its underlying mechanism through transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-Seq). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rat model of IBS-D was constructed to elucidate the effects of SYNC. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), fecal water content (FWC), and recording body weight were calculated to assess visceral sensitivity in rats. Histopathological changes in the colon and alterations in mast cell (MC) count were determined...

RATIONALE: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the apical stress-inducing hormone, exacerbates stress and addictive behaviors. TCAP-1 is a peptide that directly inhibits both CRF-mediated stress and addiction-related behaviors; however, the direct action of TCAP-1 on morphine withdrawal-associated behaviors has not previously been examined. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether TCAP-1 administration attenuates behavioral and physiological consequences of morphine withdrawal in mice...

Ammonia-N, as the most toxic nitrogenous waste, has high toxicity to marine animals. However, the interplay between ammonia-induced neuroendocrine toxicity and intestinal immune homeostasis has been largely overlooked. Here, a significant concordance of metabolome and transcriptome-based "cholinergic synapse" supports that plasma metabolites acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role during NH4 Cl exposure. After blocking the ACh signal transduction, the release of dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the cerebral ganglia increased, while the release of NPF in the thoracic ganglia and NE in the abdominal ganglia, and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and neuropeptide F (NPF) in the eyestalk decreased, finally the intestinal immunity was enhanced...

Corticotropin-releasing factor family peptides (CRF peptides) comprise corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin (UCN1), UCN2 and UCN3. CRH is first isolated in the brain and later with UCNs found in many peripheral cells/tissues including the colon. CRH and UCNs function via the two types of receptors, CRF1 and CRF2 , with CRH mainly acting on CRF1 , UCN1 on both CRF1 &CRF2 and UCN2-3 on CRF2 . Compiling evidence shows that CRH participates in inflammation and cancers via both indirect central effects related to stress response and direct peripheral influence...

Exposure to diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) during early pregnancy may be a risk factor for depressive behavior in offspring. While ozone (O3 ) exposure also raises the probability of depressive behavior during the preceding process. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to DIDP and O3 on the development of depressive-like behavior in offspring mice. The study found that prenatal exposure to both DIDP and O3 significantly increased depressive-like behavior in the offspring mice compared to either DIDP or O3 alone...

BACKGROUND: In the domain of functional gastrointestinal disorders, Functional Dyspepsia (FD) stands out due to its widespread occurrence internationally. Historically, electroacupuncture (EA) has been employed as a therapeutic modality for FD, demonstrating notable clinical efficacy. OBJECTIVES: This research aimed to delve into the impact of EA on stress responses, minor duodenal inflammatory processes, and the integrity of the intestinal barrier within FD-affected rodent models while also elucidating the underlying mechanisms...

Ghrelin is known to be a feeding stimulatory hormone in mammals, but in birds, in contrast to mammals, the feeding behavior is regulated in inhibitory manners. This is because the neuropeptides associated with the regulation in the brain are different from those in mammals, i.e., it has been shown that, in chickens, a corticotropin-releasing hormone family peptide, urocortin, which is a feeding-inhibitory peptide, is mainly involved in the inhibitory mechanism. However, feeding is also regulated by various neurotransmitters in the brain, and recently, their interaction with the mechanisms underlying feeding inhibition by ghrelin in birds has been intensively studied and clarified...

Bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) larvae inhabiting the main island of Japan overwinter as preclimax animals, whereas the larvae that reached climax in summer complete metamorphosis. We analyzed the mRNA expression levels of the adenohypophyseal hormones, hypothalamic hormones, and their receptors that are involved in controlling metamorphosis in tadpoles at various developmental stages available in summer and winter in order to understand the hormonal mechanism regulating metamorphosis progression. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and thyrotropin β-subunit (TSHβ) mRNA expression was enhanced as they reached the climax stage in metamorphosing summer tadpoles, although type 2 CRF receptor (CRFR2) mRNA levels demonstrated a tendency of elevation, indicating the activation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis for stimulating the release of thyroid hormone in summer...

Inflammation, reduced gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) function and altered neuroplasticity are co-occurring pathophysiologies in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the link between these biological changes remains unclear. We hypothesized that inflammation induces deficits in GABAergic interneuron markers and that this effect is mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We report here that systemic inflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.125, 0...

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons play an important role in the regulation of neuroendocrine responses to stress. The excitability of CRH neurons is regulated by inhibitory GABAergic inputs. However, it is unclear when GABAergic regulation of CRH neurons is established during fetal brain development. Furthermore, the exact progression of the developmental shift of GABA action from depolarization to hyperpolarization remains unelucidated. Considering the importance of CRH neuron function in subsequent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation during this critical phase of development, we investigated the ontogeny of GABAergic inputs to CRH neurons and consequent development of chloride homeostasis...

Production of the high-molecular-weight forms of adrenocorticotropic hormone (big-ACTH) has been reported in a small number of ectopic ACTH syndrome and ACTH-producing pituitary macroadenoma. However, perioperative changes in big-ACTH in patients with subclinical Cushing's disease have not been reported. A 63-year-old woman presented 25 × 20 × 20-mm-sized macroadenoma in the pituitary gland. Her early morning plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were 111 pg/mL and 11...

PURPOSE: The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) stimulation test has been routinely used in the diagnostic work-up of ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome (CS). With oCRH currently being out-of-stock in Europe, we aimed at evaluating the diagnostic performance of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) without oCRH stimulation. METHODS: We compared the values of 40 patients with ACTH-dependent CS and negative MRI findings in whom ACTH was measured before and after oCRH stimulation...

OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship between nocturnal levels of stress-related hormones and different sleep-wake states in chronic insomnia disorder (CID) patients. METHODS: Thirty-three CID patients and 34 good sleepers were enrolled and completed assessment of sleep log, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index. During a-overnight polysomnography monitoring, the patients' vein bleeds were continually collected at different time points (pre-sleep, deep-sleep, 5-min or 30-min waking, and morning waking-up)...

Hair loss is a common clinical condition connected with serious psychological distress and reduced quality of life. Hormones play an essential role in the regulation of the hair growth cycle. This review focuses on the hormonal background of hair loss, including pathophysiology, underlying endocrine disorders, and possible treatment options for alopecia. In particular, the role of androgens, including dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and its sulfate (DHEAS), has been studied in the context of androgenetic alopecia...

Infections of the lung cause observable sickness thought to be secondary to inflammation. Signs of sickness are crucial to alert others via behavioral-immune responses to limit contact with contagious individuals. Gram-negative bacteria produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) that provides microbial protection; however, the impact of EPS on sickness remains uncertain. Using genome-engineered Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) strains, we compared EPS-producers versus non-producers and a virulent Escherichia coli (E...

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is mainly secreted by the hypothalamus to regulate stress when environmental factors change. Gills contact with water directly and may also secrete CRH to maintain local homeostasis. Ocean acidification changes water chemical parameters and is becoming an important environmental stressor for marine fish. The response of brain and gill CRH systems to ocean acidification remains unclear. In this study, marine medaka were exposed to CO2 -acidified seawater (440 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 1800 ppm CO2 ) for 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, and 7 d, respectively...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are often comorbid. Few treatments exist to reduce comorbid PTSD/AUD. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying their comorbidity could reveal new avenues for therapy. Here, we employed a model of comorbid PTSD/AUD, in which rats were subjected to a stressful shock in a familiar context followed by alcohol drinking. We then examined fear overgeneralization and irritability in these rats. Familiar context stress elevated drinking, increased fear overgeneralization, increased alcohol-related aggressive signs, and elevated peripheral stress hormones...

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine has repeatedly shown to improve anxiety but the precise neural mechanisms underlying this effect remain incompletely understood. Here, we aim to explore the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone-producing hypothalamic paraventricular (CRHPVN) neurons in mediating the anxiolytic effects of dexmedetomidine. METHODS: A social defeat stress mouse model was employed to evaluate the anxiolytic effects induced by dexmedetomidine through the elevated plus-maze, open-field test, and measurement of serum stress hormone levels...

Copper is routinely supplemented to weanling pig diets at concentrations above nutritional requirements to enhance growth performance. We hypothesised that this effect depends on the source of Cu and its dietary concentration. We tested this in weaned pigs (26 d of age) over a 35-d period using a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two Cu-sources (CuSO4 and Cu2 O, monovalent copper oxide, CoRouge®) and three supplementary dietary Cu-levels (15, 80 and 160 mg Cu/kg) as respective factors...

Stressful experiences in early life can alter phenotypic expression later in life. For instance, in vertebrates, early life nutrient restriction can modify later life activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis (the HPI in amphibians), including the up- and downstream regulatory components of glucocorticoid signaling. Early life nutrient restriction can also influence later life behavior and metabolism (e.g., fat accumulation). Yet, less is known about whether nutrient stress-induced carryover effects on HPA/HPI axis regulation can vary across environmental contexts, such as the type of diet on which nutrient restriction occurs...