hypothalamic lesion

OBJECTIVE: Adipsic diabetes insipidus (ADI) is a life-threatening disease. It is characterized by arginine vasopressin deficiency and thirst absence. Data about clinical characteristics of ADI were scarce. This study investigated the clinical features of hospitalized ADI patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of hospitalized ADI patients admitted to the Endocrinology Department of Huashan Hospital between January 2014 and December 2021, compared with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) patients with normal thirst...

Precocious puberty (PP) means the appearance of secondary sexual characters before the age of eight years in girls and nine years in boys. Puberty is indicated in girls by the enlargement of the breasts (thelarche) in girls and in boys by the enlargement of the testes in either volume or length (testicular volume = 4 mL, testicular length = 25 mm, or both). Two types of PP are recognized - namely central PP (CPP) and peripheral PP (PPP). This paper aims to describe the clinical findings and laboratory workup of PP and to illustrate the new trends in the management of precocious sexual maturation...

BACKGROUND: Double pituitary adenomas are rare presentations of two distinct adenohypophyseal lesions seen in <1% of surgical cases. Increased rates of recurrence or persistence are reported in the resection of Cushing microadenomas and are attributed to the small tumor size and localization difficulties. The authors report a case of surgical treatment failure of Cushing disease because of the presence of a secondary pituitary adenoma. OBSERVATIONS: A 32-year-old woman with a history of prolactin excess and pituitary lesion presented with oligomenorrhea, weight gain, facial fullness, and hirsutism...

I ntroduction: The morphological characteristics of the endometrium in patients with choriocarcinoma have not been well described. We described the endometrial morphology patterns in 46 choriocarcinomas and analyzed their relationship with the clinicopathological characteristics of these patients. Methods: Forty-six patients diagnosed with choriocarcinoma that had sufficient endometrial tissues for histopathological diagnosis were selected. Diagnoses of choriocarcinoma and secretory status of endometrium were reviewed...

OBJECTIVE: Combining adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of Cre recombinase with genetically modified floxed animals is a powerful approach for assaying the functional role of genes in regulating behavior and metabolism. Extensive research in diverse cell types and tissues using AAV-Cre has shown it can save time and avoid developmental compensation as compared to using Cre driver mouse line crossings. We initially sought to study the impact of ablation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) using intracranial AAV-Cre injection in adult animals...

As per the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, chordoid glioma (CG) is defined as a slow-growing glial neoplasm categorized as grade II tumor. This tumor is primarily located in the anterior part of the third ventricle, often adheres to important surrounding structures, and is hemorrhagic in nature. Therefore, dissecting this tumor is extremely difficult. In this study, we present the case of a 44-year-old man who initially complained of mild headache and was diagnosed with a homogeneous gadolinium-enhanced lesion in the third ventricle via magnetic resonance imaging...

OBJECTIVE: The optimal surgical approach for pediatric craniopharyngiomas (CPs) remains a matter of debate, with selection bias classically precluding a fair comparison of outcomes between the transcranial approach (TCA) and endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the current role of EEA in the treatment of pediatric CPs and to determine whether, upon expansion of its indications, a comparison with TCA is valid. METHODS: A systematic review of English-language articles published between February 2010 and June 2022 was performed to identify studies in the MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase databases reporting on the resection of pediatric CPs...

RATIONALE: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a demyelinating disease that causes lesions in areas with abundant aquaporin-4 (AQP4) channels, including the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic lesions can disrupt antidiuretic hormone regulation, resulting in hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Various factors can trigger NMOSD, including viral infections. We report the case of a young female patient who presented with hyponatremia due to SIADH and was found to have bilateral hypothalamic lesions along with positive serum herpes simplex virus immunoglobulin M...

Intracranial germ cell tumors (iGCTs) are rare malignant neoplasms that mainly affect children and adolescents. The incidence, clinical presentation, and prognosis of iGCTs exhibit high heterogeneity. Previous studies have primarily focused on eliminating tumors, reducing tumor recurrence, and improving survival rates, while neglecting the impact of the tumors and their treatment on neuroendocrine function. Throughout the entire course of the disease, neuroendocrine dysfunction may occur and is frequently overlooked by oncologists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists...

BACKGROUND: The pineal lesion affecting melatonin is a rare cause of central precocious puberty by decreasing the inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Germ cell tumor secreting human chorionic gonadotropin is a rare cause of peripheral puberty. CASE PRESENTATION: A 5.8-year-old male presented facial hair and phallic growth, deepened voice, and accelerated growth velocity for 6 months. The elevated human chorionic gonadotropin level with undetectable gonadotropin levels indicated peripheral precocious puberty...

BACKGROUND: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized histologically by foamy histiocytes and Touton giant cells in a background of fibrosis. Bone pain with long bone osteosclerosis is highly specific for ECD. Central nervous system involvement is rare, although dural, hypothalamic, cerebellar, brainstem, and sellar region involvement has been described. OBSERVATIONS: A 59-year-old man with a history of ureteral obstruction, medically managed petit mal seizures, and a left temporal lesion followed with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presented with worsening seizure control...

Ovulation is timed by neural signals originating at the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that trigger ovulation when converge with high estradiol levels, which indicates the maturation of ovarian follicles. We have shown that the hypothalamic regulation of ovulation is asymmetrical and we hypothesized that the paired SCN could contribute to such symmetries. We unilaterally lesioned the SCN of rats at each stage of the estrous cycle and evaluated the acute effects on the progression of their estrous cycle, follicular development and ovulation...

Multiple endocrine disorders are uncommon in veterinary medicine, and the disease combination is usually related to hypercortisolism or autoimmunity. Central-pituitary hypothyroidism, also refer to secondary hypothyroidism, can be caused by hypercortisolemic conditions and is well-recognized in human medicine. However, central hypothyroidism, including pituitary hypothyroidism, concurrent with hyperadrenocorticism, is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. A 7-year-old, intact female Miniature Schnauzer presented with generalized alopecia, scale, and pruritus and was diagnosed with superficial pyoderma and Malassezia dermatitis...

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most popular food additives in the world and is often ingested with commercially processed foods. It can be described as a sodium salt of glutamic acid with the IUPAC name - Sodium 2-aminopentanedioate and is ionized by water to produce free sodium ions and glutamic acid. MSG use has significantly increased over the past 30 years, its global demand stands huge at over three million metric tons which is worth over $4.5 billion. Asia was responsible for more than three quarter of world MSG consumption with the country China also leading in global consumption as well as production and export to other countries...

Crosstalk between the central nervous system and immune system by the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems is critical during the inflammatory response. Exposure to endotoxin alters the activity of hypothalamic homeostatic systems, resulting in changed transmitter release within the brain. This study investigated the effects and cellular molecular mechanisms of neurogenic and exogenous orexin-A (OXA) in LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We found the production of OXA in the hypothalamus and lungs was both decreased following LPS infection...

PURPOSE: The overall incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP) has increased in recent decades, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations are recommended in cases of suspected brain lesions. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MRI abnormalities and to evaluate the need for routine brain MRI in patients with newly diagnosed CPP. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed the data of patients newly diagnosed with CPP who underwent routine pituitary MRI at Korea University Anam Hospital from March 2020 to September 2021...

BACKGROUND: To describe and report the efficacy and safety of MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS: A retrospective review of all MRgLITT procedures in our hospital was performed. All procedures were performed using a surgical laser ablation system. Demographic and outcome data were compiled and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients underwent MRgLITT procedures from June 2021 to November 2021...

BACKGROUND: Three years ago (in 2020), we at the epilepsy center in Shiraz, Iran, started an endeavor to initiate a surgical program for patients with hypothalamic hamartoma (HH). We discussed that although minimally invasive techniques are desired, they are not available in the nation. We decided to proceed with open disconnection and resection surgery techniques. The current manuscript presents the results of the HH surgery program at our center as a case series. METHODS: This study included all patients with a diagnosis of HH who were referred to Shiraz Epilepsy Center with drug-resistant epilepsy and who underwent HH surgery from October 2020 to January 2023 at our epilepsy center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran...

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to share our initial experience with epilepsy surgery and provide an overview on the surgical treatments of epilepsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of the demographics and clinical and investigative features of patients who underwent epilepsy surgery between January 2016 and August 2021. Postoperative seizure outcome was categorized according to modified Engel's classification, and the minimum period of follow-up was 1 year...

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory condition that can impact multiple organs in the body such as the lungs, skin, eyes, and, occasionally, the central nervous system. When sarcoidosis affects the nervous system, it is referred to as neurosarcoidosis and is estimated to occur in approximately 5%-15% of sarcoid patients. When neurosarcoidosis affects the pituitary gland, it can result in panhypopituitarism, which can be life-threatening. A 35-year-old male with a known diagnosis of sarcoidosis by skin biopsies presented to the hospital with altered mental status, hypernatremia, hypotension, and hypothermia...