ADHD subtypes

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess whether the presence of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is associated with disease severity, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) presentation, emotional problems, behavioral problems, and CPT profile in patients with ADHD. METHOD: Forty children with IGD and sixty-four patients without IGD were included in the study, all of whom had a diagnosis of ADHD. Comorbid psychiatric disorders were determined using The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS)...

BACKGROUND: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) poses cognitive and emotional challenges for Chinese children. This study addresses the potential benefits of Working Memory Training for ADHD-affected children. Understanding its impact on Attention, cognitive regulation, and emotional responses is crucial for tailored interventions in the Chinese context. The Trial Registration Number (TRN) for this study is [TRN-2023-123,456], and it was officially registered on July 15, 2023, by Changchun Normal University...

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome (TS) are often concurrent. This study explores the temperament profile of complex OCD phenotypes. METHODS: A clinical registry recorded demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses, and temperament traits, including novelty seeking (exploratory behaviors), harm avoidance (fear of uncertainty), reward dependence (sentimentality), and persistence (perseverance)...

BACKGROUND: The characterisation of autism in fragile X syndrome (FXS) has been a source of controversy due to the complexity of disentangling autism traits from common features of the FXS phenotype. Autism in FXS is significantly underdiagnosed in the community, which may be partly due to insufficient clinical description of the social interaction profile of autism within the FXS phenotype. In this study, we applied a classic framework for characterising social interaction styles in autism to a sample of young adult males with FXS and co-occurring autism to enhance understanding of how the social challenges associated with autism manifest within FXS...

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder known for its significant heterogeneity and varied symptom presentation. Describing the different subtypes as predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I), combined (ADHD-C), and hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-H) relies primarily on clinical observations, which can be subjective. To address the need for more objective diagnostic methods, this pilot study implemented a Microsoft Kinect-based Stroop Color-Word Test (KSWCT) with the objective of investigating the potential differences in executive function and motor control between different subtypes in a group of children and adolescents with ADHD...

Handwriting abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have sometimes been reported both (i) at the product level (i.e., quality/legibility of the written trace and speed of writing) and (ii) at the process level (i.e., dynamic and kinematic features, such as on-paper and in-air durations, pen pressure and velocity peaks, etc.). Conversely, other works have failed to reveal any differences between ADHD and typically developing children. The question of the presence and nature of handwriting deficits in ADHD remains open and merits an in-depth examination...

OBJECTIVES: To systematically estimate the overall prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. DATA SOURCES: Medline and Scopus databases were comprehensively and systematically searched between 1990 and February 2023...

Autism is a disorder distinguished by significant challenges in social interaction and communication coupled with repetitive and stereotypical patterns of behavior and activities. Deficits in social interaction and language development become apparent before age three. In children, this condition is referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity...

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the associations of pre-existing maternal cardiovascular disease (CVD) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) in offspring. METHODS: This population-based cohort study included singletons live-born without major malformations in Sweden (n = 2 699 675) and British Columbia (BC), Canada (n = 887 582) during 1990-2019, with follow-up from age 1 year until the outcome, death, emigration or December 2020, whichever came first...

The present meta-analysis quantified the deficit in time perception in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) throughout the lifespan and examined potential moderators of this deficit. Our sample of 824 effect sizes showed a mean g of 0.688 that was moderated by the age of the sample and working memory. Separate moderator analyses for samples below or above the age of 18 showed that the link with working memory only applied to the samples below the age of 18, whereas an effect of ADHD subtype only applied to samples 18 and above...

Disruptions in large-scale brain connectivity are hypothesized to contribute to psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, high inter-individual variation among patients with psychiatric disorders hinders achievement of unified findings. To this end, we adopted a newly proposed method to resolve heterogeneity of differential structural covariance network in schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder...

BACKGROUND: Inattention is a key characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Specific brain abnormalities associated with this symptom form a discernible pattern related with ADHD in children (i.e., ADHD related pattern) in our earlier research. The developmental processes of segregation and integration may be crucial to ADHD. However, how brains reconfigure these processes of the ADHD related pattern in different subtypes of ADHD and across sexes remain unclear...

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study is to describe the ADHD phenotype from childhood to adolescence in Black and White girls in a community sample. METHOD: Primary caregivers enrolled in the population-based, longitudinal Pittsburgh Girls Study reported on girls' ADHD symptoms and impairment from ages 7 to 17; diagnostic subtypes were estimated based on meeting symptom criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of any subtype of ADHD ranged from 6...

Childhood mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and ADHD are commonly-occurring and often go undetected into adolescence or adulthood. This can lead to detrimental impacts on long-term wellbeing and quality of life. Current parent-report assessments for pre-school aged children are often biased, and thus increase the need for objective mental health screening tools. Leveraging digital tools to identify the behavioral signature of childhood mental disorders may enable increased intervention at the time with the highest chance of long-term impact...

PURPOSE: Guanfacine is an α2A -adrenergic receptor agonist, FDA-approved to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and high blood pressure, typically as an extended-release formulation up to 7 mg/day. In our dysautonomia clinic, we observed that off-label use of short-acting guanfacine at 1 mg/day facilitated symptom relief in two families with multiple members presenting with severe generalized anxiety. We also noted anecdotal improvements in associated dysautonomia symptoms such as hyperhidrosis, cognitive impairment, and palpitations...

INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an unclear etiology. Systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation may play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Morphology-derived parameters such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), have been proposed as peripheral biomarkers of the immune-inflammatory process in various diseases. However, studies examining their role in ADHD remain inconclusive...

BACKGROUND: The most common psychiatric disorder in childhood is Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Researchers have studied the effects of micronutrients on ADHD in recent years, but vitamin D (vit D) deficiency has received less attention. In this study, serum vit D levels were compared between healthy and ADHD children. METHODS: This case-control study was carried out, in 2020, on 6-to-12-years-old children. There were 45 children with ADHD in the case group and 45 healthy children in the control group...

OBJECTIVE: A bidirectional relationship between family functioning and parenting styles and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is proposed. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of ADHD symptoms on parenting styles and the general functionality of the family as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety. METHODS: 73 children with ADHD (56%) and 56 controls (43%) (a total of 129 participants, 31% female, 69% male) with a mean age of 11.3 (7-17, n: 129) were included in the study, which was conducted in Gaziantep University Hospital Child Psychiatry Department in 2022...

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of birth defect-related infant morbidity and mortality, affecting 1% of 40,000 births per year in the United States. On the other side, the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is multifactorial. Multiple studies have found that cardiac surgery patients have higher morbidity of having this disorder. Many studies have investigated the prevalence of ADHD in different subtypes of CHD, but few have focused on the severity of ADHD symptoms...

Parent questionnaires pertaining to executive and emotional/behavioral functioning are routinely included in neuropsychological evaluations to complement face-to-face cognitive tests. We evaluated in a clinical sample of 198 6-16 year-old children the degree of overlap and divergence between two common parent rating scales: the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Third Edition (BASC-3) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Second Edition (BRIEF-2). This sample was 66% male, 70% white, and included both neurological diagnoses (e...