resident macrophage

Cardiac resident macrophages (CRMs) are essential in maintaining the balance of the immune homeostasis in the heart. One of the main factors in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocarditis, myocardial infarction(MI), and heart failure(HF), is the imbalance in the regulatory mechanisms of CRMs. Recent studies have reported novel heterogeneity and spatiotemporal complexity of CRMs, and their role in maintaining cardiac immune homeostasis and treating cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus on the functions of CRMs, including immune surveillance, immune phagocytosis, and immune metabolism, and explore the impact of CRM's homeostasis imbalance on cardiac injury and cardiac repair...

The overconsumption of dietary fructose has been proposed as a major culprit for the rise of many metabolic diseases in recent years, yet the relationship between a high fructose diet and neurological dysfunction remains to be explored. Although fructose metabolism mainly takes place in the liver and intestine, recent studies have shown that a hyperglycemic condition could induce fructose metabolism in the brain. Notably, microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages (Mφs) that confer innate immunity in the brain, also express fructose transporters (GLUT5) and are capable of utilizing fructose as a carbon fuel...

The increasing use of medical implants in various areas of medicine, particularly in orthopedic surgery, oncology, cardiology and dentistry, displayed the limitations in long-term integration of available biomaterials. The effective functioning and successful integration of implants requires not only technical excellence of materials but also consideration of the dynamics of biomaterial interaction with the immune system throughout the entire duration of implant use. The acute as well as long-term decisions about the efficiency of implant integration are done by local resident tissue macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages that start to be recruited during tissue damage, when implant is installed, and are continuously recruited during the healing phase...

VEGFR2 (Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) is a central regulator of placental angiogenesis. The study of the VEGFR2 proteome of chorionic villi at term revealed its partners MDMX (Double minute 4 protein) and PICALM (Phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein). Subsequently, the oxytocin receptor (OT-R) and vasopressin V1aR receptor were detected in MDMX and PICALM immunoprecipitations. Immunogold electron microscopy showed VEGFR2 on endothelial cell (EC) nuclei, mitochondria, and Hofbauer cells (HC), tissue-resident macrophages of the placenta...

Adult IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with no established immunotherapy or targeted therapy. Recently, CD32 + HLA-DR hi macrophages were discovered to have displaced resident microglia in GBM tumors that contact the lateral ventricle stem cell niche. Since these lateral ventricle contacting GBM tumors have especially poor outcomes, identifying the origin and role of these CD32 + macrophages is likely critical to developing successful GBM immunotherapies. Here, we identify these CD32 + cells as M_IL-8 macrophages and establish that IL-8 is sufficient and necessary for tumor cells to instruct healthy macrophages into CD32 + M_IL-8 M2 macrophages...

Previous studies illustrated that macrophage, a type of innate immune cell, plays critical roles in tumour progression and metastasis. Bone is the most frequent site of metastasis for several cancer types including breast, prostate, and lung. In bone metastasis, osteoclast, a macrophage subset specialized in bone resorption, was heavily investigated in the past. Recent studies illustrated that other macrophage subsets, e.g. monocyte-derived macrophages, and bone resident macrophages, promoted bone metastasis independent of osteoclast function...

Langerhans cells, often referred to as the "macrophages of the skin", are dendritic cells that normally reside in the epidermis and papillary dermis. Just like macrophages, they function as antigenpresenting cells that activate naive T cells. Certain mutations such as those involving the BRAF gene can cause unopposed production of Langerhans cells, which is known as Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). LCH triggers an inflammatory immune response that causes systemic manifestations such as fever and fatigue, as well as other manifestations depending on the affected organs...

Acute pancreatitis is a complex inflammatory disease resulting in extreme pain and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. It can be caused by several factors ranging from genetics, alcohol use, gall stones, and ductal obstruction caused by calcification or neutrophil extracellular traps. Acute pancreatitis is also characterized by immune cell infiltration of neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor that has been noted to respond to endogenous ligands such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and or exogenous ligands such as lipopolysaccharide both of which can be present during the progression of acute pancreatitis...

Macrophages are vital tissue components involved in organogenesis, maintaining homeostasis, and responses to disease. Mouse models have significantly improved our understanding of macrophages. Further investigations into the characteristics and development of human macrophages are crucial, considering the substantial anatomical and physiological distinctions between mice and humans. Despite challenges in human macrophage research, recent studies are shedding light on the ontogeny and function of human macrophages...

BACKGROUND: Gastric Cancer (GC) characteristically exhibits heterogeneous responses to treatment, particularly in relation to immuno plus chemo therapy, necessitating a precision medicine approach. This study is centered around delineating the cellular and molecular underpinnings of drug resistance in this context. METHODS: We undertook a comprehensive multi-omics exploration of postoperative tissues from GC patients undergoing the chemo and immuno-treatment regimen...

Chronic inflammation is critical for the initiation and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus via causing both insulin resistance and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. miR-155, highly expressed in macrophages, is a master regulator of chronic inflammation. Here we show that blocking a macrophage-derived exosomal miR-155 (MDE-miR-155) mitigates the insulin resistances and glucose intolerances in high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding and type-2 diabetic db/db mice. Lentivirus-based miR-155 sponge decreases the level of miR-155 in the pancreas and improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) ability of β cells, thus leading to improvements of insulin sensitivities in the liver and adipose tissues...

Equine asthma (EA) is an important cause of wastage in the USA horse industry. Exposure to organic particulates, from stable dust, airborne pollen, and fungal loads, is posited to be the main cause. Dust arising from the earth's crust has been largely ignored as a contributor to EA in the veterinary literature. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of birefringent particulates in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with a clinical complaint of EA residing in the arid West of the USA v...

Cardiac resident macrophages (CRMs) are the main population of cardiac immune cells. The role of these cells in regeneration, functional remodeling, and repair after cardiac injury is always the focus of research. However, in recent years, their dynamic changes and contributions in physiological states have a significant attention. CRMs have specific phenotypes and functions in different cardiac chambers or locations of the heart and at different stages. They further show specific differentiation and development processes...

The function of many organs, including skeletal muscle, depends on their three-dimensional structure. Muscle regeneration therefore requires not only reestablishment of myofibers but also restoration of tissue architecture. Resident muscle stem cells (SCs) are essential for regeneration, but how SCs regenerate muscle architecture is largely unknown. We address this problem using genetic labeling of mouse SCs and whole-mount imaging to reconstruct, in three dimensions, muscle regeneration. Unexpectedly, we found that myofibers form via two distinct phases of fusion and the residual basement membrane of necrotic myofibers is critical for promoting fusion and orienting regenerated myofibers...

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. The bacterium produces numerous virulence determinants, among them hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and pneumolysin (Ply), which contribute to bacterial cytotoxicity. Microglia, the resident phagocytes in the brain, are distinct from other macrophages, and we thus compared their susceptibility to pneumococcal toxicity and their ability to phagocytose pneumococci with those of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM)...

Originally discovered in the nineteenth century, hyalocytes are the resident macrophage cell population in the vitreous body. Despite this, a comprehensive understanding of their precise function and immunological significance has only recently emerged. In this article, we summarize recent in-depth investigations deciphering the critical role of hyalocytes in various aspects of vitreous physiology, such as the molecular biology and functions of hyalocytes during development, adult homeostasis, and disease. Hyalocytes are involved in fetal vitreous development, hyaloid vasculature regression, surveillance and metabolism of the vitreoretinal interface, synthesis and breakdown of vitreous components, and maintenance of vitreous transparency...

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) residing in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) play a pivotal role in regulating tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity. However, the specific phenotypic and functional characteristics of Tregs in obese VAT, as well as the regulatory mechanisms shaping them, remain elusive. This study demonstrates that obesity selectively reduces Tregs in VAT, characterized by restrained proliferation, heightened PD-1 expression, and diminished ST2 expression. Additionally, obese VAT displays distinctive maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), marked by elevated expressions of MHC-II, CD86, and PD-L1, which are inversely correlated with VAT Tregs...

BACKGROUND: A major contributing factor to glioblastoma (GBM) development and progression is its ability to evade the immune system by creating an immune-suppressive environment, where GBM-associated myeloid cells, including resident microglia and peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages, play critical pro-tumoral roles. However, it is unclear whether recruited myeloid cells are phenotypically and functionally identical in GBM patients and whether this heterogeneity is recapitulated in patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOXs)...

Influenza A virus (IAV) infections pose a global health challenge that necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the host immune response to devise effective therapeutic interventions. As monocytes and macrophages play crucial roles in host defence, inflammation, and repair, this review explores the intricate journey of these cells during and after IAV infection. First, we highlight the dynamics and functions of lung-resident macrophage populations post-IAV. Second, we review the current knowledge of recruited monocytes and monocyte-derived cells, emphasising their roles in viral clearance, inflammation, immunomodulation, and tissue repair...

Injectable poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA-SCA) is used for the correction of shallow to deep nasolabial fold contour deficiencies, cheek wrinkles, and other facial wrinkles. In contrast to hyaluronan (HA) fillers, PLLA-SCA has a biostimulatory effect by activating resident fibroblasts to produce collagen, but the mechanisms are not known in detail at the molecular level. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the molecular effects of PLLA-SCA in a comprehensive in vitro study. Since PLLA-SCA-dependent collagen production in fibroblasts depends on the interaction with macrophages, we generated novel macrophage-containing 3D skin models...