TB, chronic obstructive airway disease

INTRODUCTION: Flexible bronchoscopy is a valuable method in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract diseases in children. This study aimed to examine the indications for and results of flexible bronchoscopy in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included patients aged 0-18 years who underwent flexible bronchoscopy between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2022. The patients were evaluated for demographic characteristics, indications for bronchoscopy, comorbidities, bronchoscopy findings, and the results of bronchoalveolar lavage...

Objective: To construct and characterize conditional Src homology region 2 protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) knockout mice in airway epithelial cells and to observe the effect of defective SHP-1 expression in airway epithelial cells on the emphysema phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: To detect the expression of SHP-1 in the airway epithelium of COPD patients. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to construct SHP-1flox/flox transgenic mice, which were mated with airway epithelial Clara protein 10-cyclase recombinase and estrogen receptor fusion transgenic mice (CC10-CreER+/+ ), and after intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen, airway epithelial SHP-1 knockout mice were obtained (SHP-1 flox/flox CC10-CreER+/- , SHP-1Δ/Δ )...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients often experience acute exacerbations requiring hospitalization. Recently, attention has focused on Aspergillus sensitization in the airways of these COPD patients. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) in COPD patients with acute exacerbations and identify associated risk factors. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research from January 2021 to June 2022...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by a non-reversible limitation of expiratory airflow. In patients with COPD, distal airways are the major site of obstruction; early in the course of the disease, they show signs of being remodeled, inflamed, and/or obliterated. Recent technological advances, particularly in imaging and transcriptomics, have provided new information on this key area of the lung. The objective of this review is to provide an updated overall vision of knowledge on distal airways and how they are damaged in COPD...

BACKGROUND: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is known to useful biomarker for detecting eosinophilic airway inflammation. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the role of FeNO in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to assess whether elevated FeNO and its impact on treatment change into an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing regimen and association with acute exacerbation (AE) in patients with COPD. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 107 COPD patients without history of asthma from March 2016 to December 2019...

BACKGROUND: There is limited data regarding the clinical outcomes of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of CHIP as a COPD biomarker. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on patients with COPD who were enrolled prospectively in the Seoul National University Hospital Airway Registry from January 2013 to December 2019 and underwent pulmonary function and blood tests...

The methacholine challenge test (MCT) is a standard evaluation method of assessing airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and its severity, and has significant clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of bronchial asthma. A consensus working group consisting of experts from the Pulmonary Function and Clinical Respiratory Physiology Committee of the Chinese Association of Chest Physicians, the Task Force for Pulmonary Function of the Chinese Thoracic Society, and the Pulmonary Function Group of Respiratory Branch of the Chinese Geriatric Society jointly developed this consensus...

Respiratory disorders, such as tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, and pulmonary inflammation, are among the most prevalent ailments in today's world. Dextran, an exopolysaccharide formed by Leuconostoc mesenteroides (slimeproducing bacteria), and its derivatives are investigated for several therapeutic utilities. Dextranbased drug delivery system can become an innovative strategy in the treatment of several respiratory ailments as it offers numerous advantages, such as mucolytic action, airway hydration, antiinflammatory properties, and radioprotective effect as compared to other polysaccharides...

Segmental instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by bronchoscopy safely induces transient airway inflammation in human lungs. This model enables investigation of pulmonary inflammatory mechanisms as well as pharmacodynamic analysis of investigational drugs. The aim of this work was to describe the transcriptomic profile of human segmental LPS challenge with contextualization to major respiratory diseases. Pre-challenge bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and biopsies were sampled from 28 smoking, healthy participants, followed by segmental instillation of LPS and saline as control...

Post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) is emerging as a significant area of global interest. As the number of patients surviving tuberculosis (TB) increases, the subsequent long-term repercussions have drawn increased attention due to their profound clinical and socioeconomic impacts. A primary obstacle to its comprehensive study has been its marked heterogeneity. The disease presents a spectrum of clinical manifestations which encompass tracheobronchial stenosis, bronchiectasis, granulomas with fibrosis, cavitation with associated aspergillosis, chronic pleural diseases, and small airway diseases-all persistent consequences of PTLD...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of small airway dysfunction (SAD) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) across different ethnicities is poorly understood. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SAD in stable COPD patients. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 196 consecutive stable COPD patients. We measured pre- and post-bronchodilator lung function and respiratory impedance. The severity of COPD and lung function abnormalities were graded according to the GOLD guidelines...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic airway disease, with a high prevalence and high disease burden. Clinical questions have driven advances in clinical research that continue to deepen our understanding of COPD. At the same time, new perspectives, evidence, and strategies have emerged. Studies since 2022 have increased knowledge of the impact of risk factors, such as low-to-moderate income and ambient ozone, on the prevalence of COPD. The effect of preterm birth on obstructive lung function deficits and COPD in the sixth decade of life was investigated for the first time...

Tobacco smoking doubles the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) and accounts for up to 20% of all active TB cases globally. How smoking promotes lung microenvironments permissive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) growth remains incompletely understood. We investigated primary bronchoalveolar lavage cells from current and never smokers by performing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, and functional assays. We observed the enrichment of immature inflammatory monocytes in the lungs of smokers compared with nonsmokers...

As patients with critical respiratory diseases suffer from the discomfort of disease, frequent medical and nursing procedures, and the noise disturbance of the ICU environment, it is necessary to implement analgesia and sedation to reduce their negative stress and oxygen consumption. Special emphasis will be placed on the clinical practice of analgesia, sedation and rehabilitation in critically ill patients with respiratory diseases, as different pathophysiological features of the respective pulmonary diseases are presented, such as severe asthma and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as the exclusive situations during respiratory therapy, such as recruitment maneuvers, bedside bronchoscopy and operation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenators...

Lung diseases and hypoventilation syndromes are often associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). In most cases, PH is not severe. This is defined hemodynamically by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPm) > 20 mmHg, a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) ≤ 15 mmHg and a pulmonary vascular resistance of ≤ 5 Wood units (WU). Both the non-severe (PVR ≤ 5 WU) and much more the severe PH (PVR > 5 WU) have an unfavorable prognosis...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease whose pathogenesis mainly involves airway remodelling and alveolar destruction caused by inflammation, protease-antiprotease imbalance, oxidative stress, and imbalance between apoptosis and compensatory repair of lung tissue structure cells. In recent years, the role of the autoimmune response in COPD has attracted widespread attention, but there is still some controversy. This article reviewed the role of autoimmunity in COPD from different perspectives, starting with the relationship between autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of COPD...

The incidence of chronic airway diseases in China has been increasing every year, resulting in a high burden of disease. Inhalation therapy is widely used as a basic first-line treatment for such diseases. However, inappropriate selection of inhalation devices and usage methods is common, leading to poor disease control and prognosis, as well as a waste of medical resources. In order to facilitate the reasonable selection and appropriate use of inhaler devices, improve the efficacy of inhalation therapy, and increase patient compliance, the Inhalation Therapy and Respiratory Rehabilitation Group, Respiratory Equipment Committee of China Association of Medical Equipment, and Chinese Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Coalition organized experts to revise the Chinese expert consensus on standardized inhaler device application in stable chronic respiratory disease patients (2019 Edition) based on the latest evidence-based medical evidence and clinical diagnosis and treatment experience...

Sputum induction is a technique that covers the induction and the subsequent processing of the expectorate primarily for the analysis of cells and different inflammatory biomarkers present in the airways to further understand the pathophysiology of different inflammatory respiratory disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as the diagnosis of lung diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. It is a non-invasive, safe, cost-effective, and reliable technique reported to exhibit a high success rate...

COVID-19 can have different presentations; from asymptomatic to multiorgan involvement. This case report is of an elderly gentleman, with known comorbidities of chronic obstructive airway disease and alcoholic liver disease on treatment. He presented with a history of increasing dyspnea and cough for a few days which was present after cold symptoms, and was admitted for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Later, while he was recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia, his respiratory symptoms worsened. After a thorough evaluation, his sputum smear was positive for acid-fast bacilli and also rifampicin sensitive on GeneXpert assay...

Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract cause millions of deaths annually. Several diseases exist wherein (1) bacterial infection is the main cause of disease (e.g., tuberculosis and bacterial pneumonia), (2) bacterial infection is a consequence of disease and worsens the disease prognosis (e.g., cystic fibrosis), and (3) bacteria-triggered inflammation propagates the disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Current approaches to combat infections generally include long and aggressive antibiotic treatments, which challenge patient compliance, thereby making relapses common and contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance...