Handwriting

Conventional techniques for sharing paper documents in teleconferencing tend to introduce two inconsistencies: 1) media inconsistency: a paper document is converted into a digital image on the remote site; 2) space inconsistency: a workspace deliberately inverts the partner's handwriting to make a document easy to read. In this paper, we present a novel system that eliminates these inconsistencies. The media and space inconsistencies are resolved by reproducing a real paper document on a remote site and allowing a user to handover the paper document to a remote partner across a videoconferencing display...

BACKGROUND: Appropriate arrangement of classroom ergonomics is necessary for maintaining health and improving academic performance, learning, and motivation. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the anthropometric measurements and ergonomic risk levels of students during a handwriting activity on a fixed desk and chair and to analyze the mismatch and relationships between these factors. METHODS: This study included 149 university students (female:73, male:76)...

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is the major concern in providing quality care. Medication errors have been identified as the most common type of preventable errors. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and perception regarding medication error among nurses. METHODS: A quantitative cross-sectional research design was used. The study was conducted in four different private hospitals in Lalitpur. A total enumerative sampling technique was used to select 302 nurses from these hospitals...

INTRODUCTION: Handwriting deteriorates proportionally to the writer's cognitive state. Such knowledge is of special importance in the case of a contested will, where dementia of the testator is claimed, but medical records are often insufficient to decide what the testator's cognitive state really was. By contrast, if the will is handwritten, handwriting analysis allows us to gauge the testator's cognitive state at the precise moment when he/she was writing the will. However, quantitative methods are needed to precisely evaluate whether the writer's cognitive state was normal or not...

The use of collaborative exercises (CE) and proficiency tests (PT) as part of the governance programme for any forensic science laboratory has become commonplace and recommended by several international organisations. Traditionally these have been discipline-specific exercises testing a laboratory's ability in a single area of forensic science. However, the "real" world is normally more complex and, in many instances, forensic material must be examined for a number of different evidence types. This article summarises the concepts, planning, design, preparation, implementation, co-ordination and evaluation of the 2022 Multidisciplinary Collaborative Exercise (2022-MdCE) covering a range of forensic disciplines, specifically DNA, fingerprint, documents and handwriting...

BACKGROUND: Writer's cramp is a task-specific focal hand dystonia, which is diagnosed clinically. Quantification of defect in WC is done using clinical scales, while digitized platforms are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To design and test a platform that can differentiate and quantify the abnormal kinematics of writing using a software interface and to validate it in adult-onset isolated writer's cramp (WC). METHODS: A native platform was designed using Java and Wacom Intuos pro tablet and the data analyzed using a MATLAB-based platform called Large Data-Based Evaluation of Kinematics in Handwriting (LEKH)...

Handwritten text recognition (HTR) within computer vision and image processing stands as a prominent and challenging research domain, holding significant implications for diverse applications. Among these, it finds usefulness in reading bank checks, prescriptions, and deciphering characters on various forms. Optical character recognition (OCR) technology, specifically tailored for handwritten documents, plays a pivotal role in translating characters from a range of file formats, encompassing both word and image documents...

BACKGROUND: Children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) are encouraged to participate in the regular school curriculum. However, even when using the less-affected hand for handwriting, children with UCP still experience handwriting difficulties. Visual-motor integration (VMI) is a predictor of handwriting quality. Investigating VMI in children with UCP is important but still lacking. Conventional paper-based VMI assessments is subjective and use all-or-nothing scoring procedures, which may compromise the fidelity of VMI assessments...

This study explored visual perception skills and the ability to write according to standard stroke order and their links to the learning of Chinese handwriting. Thirty-seven children (aged 6-8) (15 boys and 22 girls) participated in a handwriting test and visual perception evaluation (Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-3rd Edition, TVPS-3). A computerized system was used to evaluate the stroke order accuracy, legibility, and automation of stroke movements. The stroke order accuracy was found to positively correlate with the scores of TVPS-3 ( r  = ...

In this study the spelling errors of the 'Dyslexic Sight Words - DSW' list are analyzed according to the semiological classification. The spelling errors were made by schoolchildren with and without dyslexia. The high number of inaccuracies observed in the writing of the Group with dyslexia (GD) was often related to the complexity of syllabic structures and orthographic irregularity. The syllabic structures, in addition to the consonant-vowel (CV) pattern, often pose challenges for all students as they move through the alphabetic writing phase, early in literacy...

Palm leaves are the primary literary support in South and Southeast Asia before the widespread use of paper. However, palm leaf manuscripts face the threat of information loss due to the persistent issue of ink flaking during long-term preservation. Herein, we focus on studying the botanical structure, surface properties, and surface composition of palm leaves to gain an insightful understanding of the mechanism of ink flaking. According to the surface energy analysis, the surface of palm leaves is dominated by the dispersive component due to the presence of hydrophobic substances, resulting in the weak interaction between the handwriting and palm leaves...

BACKGROUND: The acquisition of handwriting skills is essential for a child's academic success, self-confidence, and general school performance. Nevertheless, an estimated 5% to 27% of children face handwriting challenges, where the ability to modulate pressure on the pencil and lead on the paper is a key motor component. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the experience with and usability of the SensoGrip system, a pressure-measuring pen system with personalized real-time feedback about pressure modulation, in a clinical setting with children and occupational therapists (OTs)...

Text input is desirable across various eXtended Reality (XR) use cases and is particularly crucial for knowledge and office work. This article compares handwriting text input between Virtual Reality (VR) and Video See-Through Augmented Reality (VST AR), facilitated by physically aligned and mid-air surfaces when writing simple and complex sentences. In a 2x2x2 experimental design, 72 participants performed two ten-minute handwriting sessions, each including ten simple and ten complex sentences representing text input in real-world scenarios...

Stochastic computing (SC) has a substantial amount of study on application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design for artificial intelligence (AI) edge computing, especially the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. However, SC has little to no optimization on field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Scaling up the ASIC logic without FPGA-oriented designs is inefficient, while aggregating thousands of bitstreams is still challenging in the conventional SC. This research has reinvented several FPGA-efficient 8-bit SC CNN computing architectures, i...

BACKGROUND: Objective evaluation of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS) in free-living settings is challenging. The introduction of portable digital devices, such as wearables and smartphones, may improve quantifying disease progression and hasten therapeutic development. However, there is a need for tools to characterize upper limb movements in neurologic disease and disability. METHODS: Twenty PALS wore a wearable accelerometer, ActiGraph Insight Watch, on their wrist for six months...

BACKGROUND: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a condition characterized by difficulties in motor planning and coordination and affects 5 to 6% of all school-aged children. Children with DCD frequently present with difficulties with academic activities such as handwriting. However, no study to date has comprehensively described mathematical capacity and its potential associated factors in this high-risk group. AIMS: We aimed to describe the frequency and nature of mathematical difficulties of school-aged children with DCD and to evaluate potential factors associated with mathematical performance...

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease has an impact on handwriting (AD). Numerous researchers reported that fact. Therefore, examining handwriting characteristics could be a useful way to screen for AD. The aim of the article is to present the reliability and effectiveness of the AD-HS tool. METHOD: Most of the existing studies examine either linguistic manifestations of writing or certain motor functions. However, handwriting is a complex of cognitive and motor activities...

BACKGROUND: The features of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) range from occurrence of asymptomatic radiological markers to symptomatic characteristics that include cognitive deficits and gait decline. The aim of the present study was to examine whether handwriting movement is abnormal in older people with CSVD through handwriting and drawing tasks using digitized handwriting kinematic assessment technology. METHODS: Older subjects ( n = 60) were grouped according to Fazekas score, with 16 in the Severe CSVD group, 12 in the Non-severe group and 32 in the Healthy group...

Neuromorphic hardware equipped with associative learning capabilities presents fascinating applications in the next generation of artificial intelligence. However, research into synaptic devices exhibiting complex associative learning behaviors is still nascent. Here, an optoelectronic memristor based on Ag/TiO2 Nanowires: ZnO Quantum dots/FTO was proposed and constructed to emulate the biological associative learning behaviors. Effective implementation of synaptic behaviors, including long and short-term plasticity, and learning-forgetting-relearning behaviors, were achieved in the device through the application of light and electrical stimuli...

OBJECTIVE: A change in handwriting is an early sign of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, significant inter-person differences in handwriting make it difficult to identify pathological handwriting, especially in the early stages. This paper reports the testing of NeuroDiag, a software-based medical device, for the automated detection of PD using handwriting patterns. NeuroDiag is designed to direct the user to perform six drawing and writing tasks, and the recordings are then uploaded onto a server for analysis...