Normal reference value of amniotic fluid index

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, proinflammatory factors are considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of threatened preterm labor or chorioamnionitis. The aim of this study was to establish the normal reference range for interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the amniotic fluid and to identify factors which may alter this value. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study in a tertiary-level center including asymptomatic pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis for genetic studies from October 2016 to September 2019...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the normal distribution of 1) inferior facial angles (IFA), 2) jaw index, 3) mandible width/maxilla width ratio (MD/MX ratio), and 4) mandible length (ML) in second trimester Thai fetuses. METHODS: A prospective study was performed between April 1 and October 31, 2020, at the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit of Songklanagarind Hospital. Transabdominal ultrasonography was performed on Thai singleton pregnant women at 150/7 to 236/7 weeks of gestation to measure IFA, jaw index, MD/MX ratio and ML...

BACKGROUND: The amniotic fluid is a protective liquid present in the amniotic sac. Two types of amniotic fluid disorders have been identified. First refers to polyhydramnios, which is an immoderate volume of amniotic fluid with an Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) greater than 24 cm. Second includes oligohydramnios, which refers to decreased AFI i.e., less than 5 cm. This study aims to; a) identify the maternal risk factors associated with amniotic fluid disorders, b) assess the effect of amniotic fluid disorders on maternal and fetal outcome c) examine the mode of delivery in pregnancy complicated with amniotic fluid disorders...

Purpose: To establish a new set of reference values for third-trimester amniotic fluid index (AFI) and compare them to other previously published normograms. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional cohort analysis of all singleton sonographic evaluations >22 gestational weeks in one university affiliated medical center between 2013 and 2017. Pregnancies complicated by rupture of membranes, major anomalies/chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. One evaluation per patient per pregnancy was randomly selected...

OBJECTIVE: It's proposed that oligohydramnios is caused by decreased renal perfusion due to redistribution of fetal blood at fetal growth restriction. Isolated oligohydramnios refers to the presence of oligohydramnios without fetal structural and chromosomal abnormalities, without fetal growth restriction, without intrauterine infection, and in the absence of known maternal disease. It's unknown whether the redistribution or decreased renal perfusion cause isolated oligohydramnios. The aim of the study was to evaluate fetal renal artery Doppler blood velocimetry and cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) among women with isolated oligohydramnios between 25-40 weeks of gestational age...

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether, in a cohort of patients with a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetus with estimated fetal weight ≤ 10th percentile, maternal hemodynamics, fetal biometry and Doppler indices at presentation can predict the subsequent development of an abnormal fetal Doppler index or delivery of a baby with birth weight < 3rd percentile. METHODS: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted at a specialist clinic for the management of pregnancies with a SGA fetus at King's College Hospital, London, UK...

BACKGROUND: Amniotic fluid (AF) is one of the major determinants of fetal biophysical profile and can predict pregnancy outcome. Abnormal value of amniotic fluid index (AFI) may indicate fetal and maternal disorders. PURPOSE: To establish reference standards for AFI for this population after 28 weeks of pregnancy and evaluate the relationship between AFI, the estimated fetal weight (EFWT), and fetal gender. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional estimation of AFI and FWT was done in 385 apparently healthy pregnant women in the gestational age range of 28-42 weeks...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in fetal cardiac and peripheral circulation in pregnancies complicated with intrahepatic cholestasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Doppler examination results of 22 pregnant subjects complicated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and 44 healthy controls were compared. The parameters of fetal cardiac circulation were pulmonary artery and aortic (Ao) peak systolic velocity (PSV), pulmonary vein (Pv), peak velocity index (PVI) and pulsatility index (PI), mitral valve (MV) and tricuspid valve (TV), early diastole (E)- and atrial contraction (A)-wave peak velocity ratio (E/A), and isthmus aortic peak systolic velocity (IAo PSV)...

BACKGROUND: Amniotic fluid index (AFI) is one of the major and deciding components of fetal biophysical profile and by itself it can predict pregnancy outcome. Very low values are associated with intrauterine growth restriction and renal anomalies of fetus, whereas high values may indicate fetal GI anomalies, maternal diabetes mellitus, and so forth. However, before deciding the cut-off standards for abnormal values for a local population, what constitutes a normal range for specific gestational age and the ideal interval of testing should be defined...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of prenatal ultrasound in assessing thyroid function in fetuses of hyperthyroidism pregnant women and establish the reference values of fetal thyroid transverse diameter and anteroposterior diameter for different gestational weeks. METHODS: For observation group, 30 cases of pregnant women diagnosed as hyperthyroidism were recruited from our hospital from November 2012 to November 2013. And another 100 cases of pregnant women during 20 to 40 weeks of gestational weeks were selected into control group...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between orexin-A level and idiopathic polyhydramnios. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Tertiary-level university hospital. POPULATION: Ten term pregnant women with idiopathic polyhydramnios and, as the control group, 20 pregnant women with normal amniotic fluid levels. METHODS: Amniotic fluid level was measured at admission for delivery using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the reference range for amniotic fluid index (AFI) measurements in a large sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study on 3837 normal singleton pregnancies between 18+0 and 38+6 weeks of pregnancy. The AFI was measured from the largest vertical pockets of amniotic fluid in the four quadrants of the uterine cavity. To assess the correlation between AFI and gestational age (GA), polynomial equations were calculated, with adjustments using the determination coefficient (R2)...

OBJECTIVE: To describe associations among maternal/gestational/neonatal characteristics and midpregnancy amniotic fluid concentrations of the main angiogenic markers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF). METHODS: In a cohort of 206 normal full-term pregnancies, midpregnancy amniotic fluid VEGF and PlGF reference values were recorded. Possible associations among the above concentrations and various parameters, such as maternal age and body mass index, race, parity, smoking, gestational age, delivery mode, birth-weight and fetal gender were investigated...

AIM: To study the role of fetal surveillance in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 69 women with obstetric cholestasis were included. Fetal surveillance began at 34 weeks or later at diagnosis and included daily maternal record of fetal movements, biophysical profile (i.e., non-stress test, amniotic fluid volume assessment using the four quadrant amniotic fluid index), and Doppler flow velocimetry. Fetal monitoring was done weekly before 36 weeks and biweekly after that...

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound assessment of amniotic fluid has important implication in obstetrics care and it has become an integral and important component of pregnancy assessment. Changes in amniotic fluid volume are associated with adverse outcome. Excess volume is associated with foetal anomalies and aneuploidy and less volume is associated with Intra Uterine Growth Retardation, renal anomalies in the second trimester. The objective of this study was to establish a normative scale of Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) throughout gestation in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, and to identify the lower and upper limits for each gestational week...

OBJECTIVE: To determine normal values for amniotic fluid index (AFI) in uncomplicated post-dates singleton pregnancies and compare it to current reference ranges. POPULATION: Four hundred and forty-eight women with singleton, uncomplicated pregnancies, presenting for post-dates assessment (gestation 40+0 to 42+0 weeks) between January 1, 2004 and June 30, 2005. METHODS: Ultrasound assessment of liquor to calculate the AFI. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation for AFI in the sample was 9...

OBJECTIVES: The main goals were to provide normal reference ranges for fractional limb volume as a new index of generalized fetal nutritional status, to evaluate the reproducibility of fractional fetal limb volume measurements during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and to demonstrate technical considerations for this technique. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study of gravid women during mid to late pregnancy. Fractional limb volumes were based on either 50% of humeral or femoral diaphysis length...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibilities of a novel real-time PCR assay for rapid prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome in clinical settings. DESIGN AND METHODS: This duplex real-time PCR assay is based on relative quantification of DSCR4 gene on chromosome 21 by using RABIF gene on chromosome 1 as a reference. For each sample, the differences in threshold cycles between DSCR4 and RABIF genes (Delta Ct, DeltaCt) were detected, and a calibrated DeltaCt value (DeltaDeltaCt, DeltaCt (sample)-DeltaCt (internal control)) was analyzed...

OBJECTIVE: To review the obstetrical outcomes associated with abnormally elevated or decreased level of one or more of the most frequently measured maternal serum marker analytes used in screening for aneuploidy. To provide guidance to facilitate the management of pregnancies that have abnormal levels of one of more markers and to assess the usefulness of these markers as a screening test. OPTIONS: Perinatal outcomes associated with abnormal levels of maternal serum markers analytes are compared with the outcomes of pregnancies with normal levels of the same analytes or the general population...

OBJECTIVE: Amniotic fluid index (AFI) is a very useful index for assessing fetal well-being. In 1998, a study of AFI in mainland China showed that AFI values in normal pregnancies were less than those in Western populations. Therefore, we attempt to investigate whether fetal AFI in our population is less than that in Western populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed our computerized ultrasound database for fetal AFI from January 1991 to December 2002. For the 12-year study period, only the fetuses that fit the following criteria were included: (1) gestational age ranging from 14 to 41 weeks; (2) singletons, and (3) average-for-gestational-age as evaluated by ultrasound examination...