Infant microbiome

Peripartum mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) affect 15-20% of peripartum women and are well known to disrupt infant caregiving. A recent study in humans reported that anxiety and depressive symptoms were alleviated by peripartum treatment with the probiotic, Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001. The current study determined the effects of chronic Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) treatment on postpartum affective and caregiving behaviors in a laboratory rodent model. Female rats were given probiotic overnight in their drinking water, or untreated water, from the first day of pregnancy through postpartum day 10...

The 21st century, thanks to the development of molecular methods, including DNA barcoding, using Sanger sequencing, and DNA metabarcoding, based on next-generation sequencing (NGS), is characterized by flourishing research on the human microbiome. Microbial dysbiosis is perceived as a new pathogenetic factor for neonatal diseases. Fungi are crucial, but neglected, components of the neonatal microbiome, which, despite their low abundance, significantly impact morbidity and mortality rates of premature infants hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common late-onset infections in preterm infants, characterized by nonspecific symptoms and a pathogenic spectrum that diverges from that of term infants and older children, which present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Existing data on the role of gut microbiota in UTI pathogenesis in this demographic are limited. This study aims to investigate alterations in gut microbiota and fecal calprotectin levels and their association with the development of UTIs in hospitalized preterm infants...

OBJECTIVE: Given the multifactorial pathogenesis of juvenile spondyloarthritis (JSpA) and evidence of a protective effect in phenotypically similar diseases, we aimed to test whether breastfeeding is associated with the development and disease activity of JSpA. METHODS: This single center retrospective case-control study included children with JSpA and age- and sex-matched controls with a 1:1 ratio. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression modeling for matched pairs was used to test the association of infant factors with the development of JSpA, including infant nutrition and form of delivery...

Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that has been associated with the development of the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in the gut microbiota of older patients with established asthma remain an important knowledge gap. Here, we performed whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of 95 stool samples from a cross-sectional cohort of 59 healthy and 36 subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma to characterize the metagenomes of gut microbiota in adults and children 6 years and older...

BACKGROUND: In pediatric Crohn's disease (CD), commercial formulas used as exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) are effective at inducing remission. This study aims to assess the impact of a whole-food blended smoothie as EEN on CD activity and the intestinal microbiome. METHODS: A 4-week prospective trial assessed the impact of EEN with a whole-food smoothie on newly diagnosed mild-to-moderate active pediatric CD. The smoothie with a multivitamin were developed to meet age-appropriate nutritional requirements...

Although necrotizing enterocolitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm infants, its underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood. Gut dysbiosis, an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic microbes, in the preterm infant is likely a major contributor to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. In this review, we will discuss the increasing use of probiotics in the NICU, an intervention aimed to mitigate alterations in the gut microbiome. We will review the existing evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of probiotics, and their potential to reduce rates of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants...

Although necrotizing enterocolitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm infants, its underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood. Gut dysbiosis, an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic microbes, in the preterm infant is likely a major contributor to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. In this review, we will discuss the increasing use of probiotics in the NICU, an intervention aimed to mitigate alterations in the gut microbiome. We will review the existing evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of probiotics, and their potential to reduce rates of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants...

Alteration of gut microbiota can affect chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, through abnormal immune and inflammatory responses. Previous studies have shown a feasible connection between gut microbiota and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. However, whether BPD can be ameliorated by restoring the gut microbiota remains unclear. In preterm infants with BPD, we found variance in the diversity and structure of gut microbiota. Similarly, BPD rats showed gut dysbiosis, characterized by a deficiency of Lactobacillus, which was abundant in normal rats...

This study examines how feeding, sleep, and growth during infancy impact the gut microbiome (GM) in toddlers. The research was conducted on toddlers ( n = 36), born to Latina women of low-income with obesity. Their mothers completed retrospective feeding and sleeping questionnaires at 1, 6, and 12 months; at 36 months, fecal samples were collected. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) revealed that breastfeeding for at least 1 month and the introduction of solids before 6 months differentiated the GM in toddlerhood (Bray-Curtis, pseudo-F = 1...

Evidence shows that the gut microbiome in early life is an essential modulator of physiological processes related to healthy brain development, as well as mental and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we conduct a systematic review of gut microbiome assessments on infants (both healthy and with conditions that affect brain development) during the first thousand days of life, associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes, with the aim of investigating key microbiome players and mechanisms through which the gut microbiome affects the brain...

The advent of next generation sequencing has rapidly challenged the paediatric respiratory physician's understanding of lung microbiology and the role of the lung microbiome in host health and disease. In particular, the role of "microbial key players" in paediatric respiratory disease is yet to be fully explained. Accurate profiling of the lung microbiome in children is challenging since the ability to obtain lower airway samples coupled with processing "low-biomass specimens" are both technically difficult...

Premature infants lack a normal intestinal microbial community and also at risk of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury, which is considered to be one of the major factors for motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits. We hypothesized that neonatal gut microbiota composition modulated the immune reaction and severity of neonatal H-I brain injury. Neonatal C57BL/6J mouse pups were exposed to H-I protocol consisting of permanent left carotid artery ligation, followed by 8% hypoxia for 60 min. Microbial manipulation groups included 1) antibiotic treatment, E18 (maternal) to P5; 2) antibiotic treatment E18 to P5 + E...

UNLABELLED: Maternal secretor status is one of the determinants of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) composition, which, in turn, influences the gut microbiota composition of infants. To understand if this change in gut microbiota impacts immune cell composition, intestinal morphology, and gene expression, 21-day-old germ-free C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with fecal microbiota from infants whose mothers were either secretors (SMM) or non-secretors (NSM) or from infants consuming dairy-based formula (MFM)...

BACKGROUND: There are only preliminary studies examining the associations of postnatal antibiotic exposure with food allergy in childhood, and the effect of antibiotic exposure in utero has not been resolved. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal and postnatal antibiotic exposure on the risk of food allergy in childhood. METHODS: Using the nationwide birth cohort in South Korea, all 3,163,206 infants (pairing mother; n = 2,322,735) born in South Korea between 2010 and 2017 were included in the analysis...

INTRODUCTION: Ingestion of human milk (HM) is identified as a significant factor associated with early infant gut microbial colonization, which has been associated with infant health and development. Maternal diet has been associated with the HM microbiome (HMM). However, a few studies have explored the associations among maternal diet, HMM, and infant growth during the first 6 months of lactation. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, Mam -Mayan mother-infant dyads ( n  = 64) were recruited from 8 rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala at two stages of lactation: early (6-46 days postpartum, n  = 29) or late (109-184 days postpartum, n  = 35)...

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the mediating factors between maternal anxiety and the development of food allergy (FA) in children until 2 years from birth. METHODS: In this longitudinal cohort of 122 mother-child dyads from pregnancy to 24 months of age, we regularly surveyed maternal psychological states, infant feeding data, and allergic symptoms and collected stool samples at 6 months of age for microbiome analysis. Considering the temporal order of data collection, we investigated serial mediating effects and indirect effects among maternal anxiety, dietary diversity (DD), gut microbial diversity, and FA using structural equation modeling...

The gut microbiome is associated with pathological neurophysiological evolvement in extremely premature infants suffering from brain injury. The exact underlying mechanism and its associated metabolic signatures in infants are not fully understood. To decipher metabolite profiles linked to neonatal brain injury, we investigate the fecal and plasma metabolome of samples obtained from a cohort of 51 extremely premature infants at several time points, using liquid chromatography (LC)-high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics and LC-MS/MS-based targeted analysis for investigating bile acids and amidated bile acid conjugates...

Milk is an ancient, fundamental mammalian adaptation providing nutrition and biochemical communication to offspring. Microbiomes have been detected in milks of all species studied to date. In this review, we discuss (a) routes by which microbes may enter milk, (b) evidence for proposed milk microbiome adaptive functions, (c) variation in milk microbiomes across mammals, and (d) future research directions, including suggestions for how to address outstanding questions on the viability and functionality of milk microbiomes...

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