codeine

Codeine is a common analgesic drug that is a pro-drug of morphine. It also has a high risk of abuse as a recreational drug because of its extensive distribution as an OTC drug. Therefore, sensitive and selective screening methods for codeine are crucial in forensic analytical chemistry. To date, a commercial analytical kit has not been developed for dedicated codeine determination, and there is a need for an analytical method to quantify codeine in the field. In the present work, potential modulation was combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for sensitive determination of codeine...

BACKGROUND: The management of acute postoperative pain after rotator cuff surgery can be challenging. To our knowledge, there are no data available in the literature correlating satisfactory pain control with improvement in terms of function. The purposes of the present study were to evaluate: 1) pain pattern after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in patients operated with two different techniques (transosseous vs transosseous equivalent); 2) safety/efficacy of three different pharmacological pain control strategies; 3) possible relationship between a correct shoulder pain management protocol in the early post-operative period and patients' functional improvement...

OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies have reported the close association of depression with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the causal nature and direction remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the genetic causal relationship between depression and OSA using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS: Based on publicly available genome-wide association studies data of depression and OSA, we conducted a bidirectional two-sample MR study. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used as the main analysis method...

PURPOSE: Codeine is a narcotic antitussive often considered for managing patients with refractory or unexplained chronic cough. This study aimed to evaluate the proportion and characteristics of patients who responded to codeine treatment in real-world practice. METHODS: Data from the Korean Chronic Cough Registry, a multicenter prospective cohort study, were analyzed. Physicians assessed the response to codeine based on the timing and degree of improvement after treatment initiation...

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Morphinan-based opioids, derived from natural alkaloids like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, have long been pivotal in managing severe pain. However, their clinical utility is marred by significant side effects and high addiction potential. This review traces the evolution of the morphinan scaffold in light of advancements in biochemistry and molecular biology, which have expanded our understanding of opioid receptor pharmacology. We explore the development of semi-synthetic and synthetic morphinans, their receptor selectivity, and the emergence of biased agonism as a strategy to dissociate analgesic properties from undesirable effects...

Direct mass spectrometry (MS) is an exciting strategy in bioanalysis, enabling rapid decision-making in different scenarios. Its application is usually hindered by matrix effects and the typically low concentration of the target compounds in the biofluids. In this sense, combining a previous sample preparation step minimizes or removes these shortcomings. This article describes sorptive tape-spray tandem mass spectrometry (STS-MS/MS) based on mixed-mode particles as a strategy to combine sample preparation and MS analysis in a single device...

The quantification of illicit drugs in wastewater has become a valuable tool for monitoring illicit drug abuse. The commonly utilized methods for detecting drugs in wastewater require a substantial sample volume, extended pretreatment durations, and intricate procedures. This study first employed polydopamine-coated magnetic nanocomposites as adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction, combined with UPLC-MS/MS, to simultaneously determine the concentrations of eleven common illicit drugs in wastewater. The synthesis process for Fe3 O4 @PDA is straightforward and high-yield...

A paper-based analytical device (PAD) with an integrated composite electrode has been designed and fabricated for non-enzymatic creatinine sensing. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was employed to modify the PAD so that it could function as a solid-contact transducer. A new macrocyclic pyrido-hexapeptide derivative was made and used as a special ionophore in the creatinine membrane sensor. The synthesized PAD showed a detection limit of 1.0 µM (S/N = 3) and a potentiometric response towards creatinine throughout a log-linear range of 2...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Non-medical use of Pregabalin (PGB) is a growing concern in many countries because of the serious consequences associated with their abuse. Judicial cases within the probation system, multiple drug users, and patients in treatment programs administered PGB at higher doses than suggested, commonly without prescription. For this reason, it is important to analyze PGB by adding it to the routine analysis scale in determining whether PGB is used for medical purposes or abuse...

OBJECTIVE: To assess patient experiences of pain management during medical abortion up to 10 weeks' gestation with opt-in versus universal codeine provision. METHODS: We invited patients who underwent medical abortion up to 10 weeks of gestation to participate in an online, anonymous, English-language survey from November 2021 to March 2022. We performed ordinal regression analyses to compare satisfaction with pain management (5-point Likert scale) and maximum abortion pain score (11-point numerical rating scale) in the opt-in versus universal codeine provision groups...

BACKGROUND: Emergency physicians play a critical role in mitigating the opioid epidemic in public health. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prescribing of emergency physicians for opioids among Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in the Part D program from 2013 to 2019. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive analysis of Medicare Part D prescriber data, focusing on opioid claims between 2013 and 2019. The primary outcome variables evaluated included proportion of opioid claims, trends of the most prescribed opioids, cost of opioid claims, and days' supply per claim...

Two different multivariate techniques have been applied for the quantitative analysis of caffeine, codeine, paracetamol and p-aminophenol (PAP) in quaternary mixture, namely, Partial Least Squares (PLS-1) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). For suitable analysis, a calibration set of 25 mixtures with various ratios of the drugs and PAP impurity were established using a 4-factor 5-level experimental design. The most meaningful wavelengths for the chemometric models were chosen using Genetic Algorithm (GA) as a variable selection technique...

The United States (US) opioid epidemic is a persistent and pervasive public health emergency that claims the lives of over 80,000 Americans per year as of 2021. There have been sustained efforts to reverse this crisis over the past decade, including a number of measures designed to decrease the use of prescription opioids for the treatment of pain. This study analyzed the changes in federal production quotas for prescription opioids and the distribution of prescription opioids for pain and identified state-level differences between 2010 and 2019...

OBJECTIVES: Opioid use has increased globally, dramatically increasing opioid overdose, dependence, abuse and mortality. Limited research is available on opioid use patterns in older adults in New Zealand and internationally. This study aims to address this gap by determining the incidence and prevalence of opioid use among older adults (age ≥65 years) in New Zealand from 2007 to 2018. METHODS: This was a population-based retrospective cohort study conducted using New Zealand national administrative healthcare databases...

The term "planned complex suicide" refers to cases where two or more suicide methods are applied simultaneously. Plastic bag suffocation is a suicidal method commonly combined with self-poisoning by inhalation of volatile compounds or pharmacological substances at poisoning dosage. A 67-year-old woman was found dead on the couch. The head was wrapped in a plastic bag knotted at the front of the neck. No signs of struggle were present on the scene. In the fireplace, there were two blisters of acetaminophen/codeine phosphate tablets...

Despite growing global concern over opioids, little is known about the epidemiology of opioid use in children and adolescents. This retrospective study investigated opioid use trends and identified risk factors associated with sustained opioid use among outpatient children and adolescents in Israel. Electronic health records of 110,955 children and adolescents were used to establish opioid purchase trends in outpatient settings between 2003 and 2021. Of these, data from 2012 to 2021, n = 32,956, were included in a Cox proportional hazards analysis to identify demographic, clinical, and pharmacological risk factors for sustained opioid use...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the effects of acute codeine administration on primary and secondary esophageal peristalsis in patients with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM). METHODS: Eighteen IEM patients (8 women; mean age 37.8 years, range 23-64 years) were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent high-resolution manometry exams, consisting of 10 single wet swallows, multiple rapid swallows, and ten 20 mL rapid air injections to trigger secondary peristalsis...

The opioid epidemic has become a serious national crisis in the United States. An indepth systematic analysis of opioid-related adverse events (AEs) can clarify the risks presented by opioid exposure, as well as the individual risk profiles of specific opioid drugs and the potential relationships among the opioids. In this study, 92 opioids were identified from the list of all Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, annotated by RxNorm and were classified into 13 opioid groups: buprenorphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tapentadol, and tramadol...

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