small intestine

CONTEXT: The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids depends on intestinal absorption by bile acid transporters and activation of bile acid receptors, which stimulates secretion of hormones regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and appetite. Distribution of bile acid transporters and receptors in the human gut and their potential involvement in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathophysiology remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: We explored the expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism throughout the intestines of patients with T2D and matched healthy controls...

BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) both result from partial or complete occlusion of a blood vessel by a blood clot. The prognosis of PVT is generally good; however, PVT with VTE, including pulmonary embolism (PE), has a high mortality rate. We report here a case of PE after surgery for small intestinal necrosis caused by idiopathic PVT. CASE PRESENTATION: A 69-year-old female attended our hospital with a chief complaint of upper abdominal discomfort, and was diagnosed with necrosis of the small intestine as a result of unexplained PVT...

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is considered the first-line for the investigation of OGIB after conventional non-diagnostic endoscopic examinations. A detection rate of lesions outside the small bowel segment has been reported to range from 3.5% to >30%. Our primary objective was to analyze the role of CE in identifying lesions outside the small bowel segment that were not identified on conventional endoscopy in patients suspected of OGIB. In our study, CE appears to be effective and safe in diagnosing OGIB, also proving to be a tool in identifying lesions outside the small intestine segment...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze morphological changes in wall of functioning and non-functioning small intestine in patients with preventive ileostomy and to determine histological predictors of water-electrolyte disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 57 patients >18 years old who underwent rectal resection with preventive ileostomy between January 2022 and November 2023. Anthropometric data included gender, age, body mass index, ECOG and ASA classes...

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE: Duodenal GISTs are rare and challenging tumors. Acute life-threatening upper GI bleeding is a possible presentation of duodenal GISTs. Surgery is the standard treatment for localized duodenal GISTs. Imatinib is an effective adjuvant therapy for duodenal GISTs. ABSTRACT: GIST is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract, accounting for 1%-2% of gastrointestinal tumors. They originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal and are rare in patients younger than 30 years...

BACKGROUND: Coccidiosis is one of the most economically significant poultry diseases worldwide, caused by the pathogenic Eimeria species, and is characterized by decreased weight gain (WG) and failure to grow due to malabsorption, low feed conversion rate, bloody diarrhea, and dehydration. AIM: This study investigated the effectiveness of licorice root extract (LRE) in controlling cecal coccidiosis to determine whether its combination with maduramicin could help alleviate the pathological, biochemical, and histopathological effects of cecal coccidiosis in Sasso broiler chicks...

Anastomosis is a common and critical part of reconstructive procedures within gastrointestinal, urologic, and gynecologic surgery. The use of autonomous surgical robots such as the smart tissue autonomous robot (STAR) system demonstrates an improved efficiency and consistency of the laparoscopic small bowel anastomosis over the current da Vinci surgical system. However, the STAR workflow requires auxiliary manual monitoring during the suturing procedure to avoid missed or wrong stitches. To eliminate this monitoring task from the operators, we integrated an optical coherence tomography (OCT) fiber sensor with the suture tool and developed an automatic tissue classification algorithm for detecting missed or wrong stitches in real time...

Glyphosate is the active ingredient of glyphosate-based herbicides and the most commonly used pesticide in the world. The goal of the present study was to verify whether low doses of glyphosate (equivalent to the environmental exposure) evoke changes in galanin expression in intramural neurons in the small intestine in pigs and to quantitatively determine changes in the level of galanin receptor encoding mRNA (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3) in the small intestine wall. The experiment was conducted on 15 sexually immature gilts divided into three study groups: control (C)-animals receiving empty gelatin capsules; experimental 1 (G1)-animals receiving a low dose of glyphosate (0...

OBJECTIVE: There is limited study from low-and-middle income countries on the effect of perinatal exposure to air pollution and the risk of infection in infant. We assessed the association between perinatal exposure to traffic related air pollution and the risk of infection in infant during their first six months of life. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed in Jakarta, March 2016-September 2020 among 298 mother-infant pairs. PM2.5 , soot, NOx , and NO2 concentrations were assessed using land use regression models (LUR) at individual level...

We present the case of an elderly man with a history of diastolic congestive heart failure, severe aortic stenosis and atrial fibrillation, who presented with fatigue, weakness, coffee ground emesis and black tarry stool. Haemoglobin was 68 g/L. Lactate dehydrogenase was elevated at 1038. Evaluation by cardiology and gastroenterology specialists revealed reflux oesophagitis and a mild hiatal hernia on oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, normal colonoscopy and small bowel series without obstruction. Capsule endoscopy identified angiodysplasia in the small intestine...

There are many reports on the positional relationship between the ileocolic artery and superior mesenteric vein (SMV). However, there have been no reports of anomalous venous confluence in the ileocecal vessel area. A 69-year-old man was diagnosed with cecal cancer on a preoperative examination of a lung tumor. We planned to perform surgery for the cecal cancer. Computed tomography angiography revealed an anomalous vein confluence in the ileocolic region. We performed robot-assisted ileocecal resection. Although the small intestinal vein was misidentified as the SMV at first, we confirmed the misidentification, identified the SMV on the dorsal side of the ileocolic artery, and ligated the ileocolic vessels with precise forceps manipulation during robotic surgery...

INTRODUCTION: Gastric outlet obstruction presents with a range of symptoms which include abdominal pain, early satiety, weight loss and vomiting caused obstruction secondary to tumors from outside the gastrointestinal tract or due to motility disorders. Bladder cancer is rarely associated with Gastric outlet obstruction. It usually presents with painless hematuria and urinary symptoms. Squamous cell carcinoma is a subtype of bladder malignancies that tends to present at a later stage and is associated with poorer prognosis in terms of metastasis and survival...

Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the contractile ability of the small intestine. However, there is a paucity of studies investigating the impact of garlic oil on small intestinal motility. This study aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of garlic oil on type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. Thirty-six adult female Wistar rats (n = 36) were divided into four groups: control, non-diabetic rats supplemented with garlic oil, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with garlic oil. The rats were anesthetized using pentobarbitone (40 mg/kg BW); various motility parameters and oxidative markers were determined in small intestinal segments...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Over the last few decades, there have been remarkable strides in endoscopy and radiological imaging that have advanced gastroenterology. However, the management of neurogastroenterological disorders has lagged behind, in part handicapped by the use of catheter-based manometry that is both non-physiological and uncomfortable. The advent of capsule technology has been a game changer for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. RECENT FINDINGS: Here, we discuss several capsule devices that are available or under investigation...

In this study, a novel genotype of genogroup X (GX) sapovirus (family Caliciviridae) was detected in the small intestinal contents of a golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Hungary and characterised by viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing techniques. The complete genome of the detected strain, GX/Dömsöd/DOCA-11/2020/HUN (PP105600), is 7,128 nt in length. The ORF1- and ORF2-encoded viral proteins (NSP, VP1, and VP2) have 98%, 95%, and 88% amino acid sequence identity to the corresponding proteins of genogroup GX sapoviruses from domestic pigs, but the nucleic acid sequence identity values for their genes are significantly lower (83%, 77%, and 68%)...

INTRODUCTION: Gastroparesis is a chronic disorder characterized by decreased gastric emptying and presents with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain which impacts patients' quality of life greatly. The treatment modalities available for gastroparesis have been expanding over the past 2 decades. Currently there are multiple options available for gastroparesis albeit with only one FDA approved medication until June of 2021. AREAS COVERED: We review the different treatments available for gastroparesis and discuss the recently FDA approved intranasal formulation of metoclopramide...

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (GILCNEC) has a low incidence but high malignancy and poor prognosis.The main purpose of this study was to thoroughly investigate its clinicopathological features, survival and prognostic factors. METHODS: Information on patients with GILCNEC was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result program, and prognostic factors were analyzed by analyzing clinicopathological data and survival functions...

To predict the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) in dogs we developed an in vitro system using an in vitro digestion method and a statistical analysis. The experimental diets used chicken meat powder as the protein source, with CP levels of 20% (22.01%, analyzed CP value as dry-based), 30% (31.35%, analyzed CP value as dry-based), and 40% (41.34%, analyzed CP value as dry-based). To simulate in vivo digestive processes a static in vitro digestion was performed in two steps; stomach and small intestine...

INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal complications are common after solid organ transplantation. New-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after transplantation (de novo) is a major differential diagnosis of diarrhea after liver transplantation (LT) because of its high incidence in the field. However, the incidence of IBD after kidney transplantation (KT) remains unknown. METHODS: This case series comprised six de novo IBD patients who had undergone KT at our hospital from April 1998 to December 2020...

INTRODUCTION: Functional dyspepsia (FD), also known as non-ulcerative dyspepsia, is a common digestive system disorder. METHODS: In this study, an FD model was established using hunger and satiety disorders combined with an intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine. Indices used to evaluate the efficacy of hawthorn in FD mice include small intestinal propulsion rate, gastric residual rate, general condition, food intake, amount of drinking water, gastric histopathological examination, and serum nitric oxide (NO) and gastrin levels...