clitoridectomy

Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to all procedures that partially or totally remove the external female genitalia, or to all other deliberate injuries to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is thought that over 200 million girls and women have had some form of FGM, with more than three million girls being at risk annually. The procedure varies in severity from partial or complete removal of the clitoris (Type 1) to oversewing of the vaginal opening, so-called infibulation (Type 3). There are no medical benefits from FGM, with complications increasing with the amount of tissue damage that has been inflicted...

The World Health Organization defines Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting(FGM/C) as any medically unnecessary procedure involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs. It is a violation of human rights and associated with serious complications and lifelong impact on health. This review article summarizes for the pediatric and adolescent care provider the incidence world wide, the impact of cultural practices, appropriate screening and diagnosis, interventions and treatment along with legal and ethical issues...

Representatives for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) continue to desire early feminizing surgery in girls with 46,XX-CAH. The aim of this analysis, which included 174 46,XX- individuals with salt-wasting (SW) or simple-virilizing (SV) CAH, a female gender identity, and an age > 16 years participating in a multicenter cross-sectional clinical evaluation study (dsd-LIFE), was to evaluate the long-term results of surgery and patient-reported outcomes (PRO). The gynecological examination (n = 84) revealed some shortcomings concerning surgical feminization...

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, 200 million girls and women have been subjected to female genital mutilation. To restore the clitoral function and vulvar anatomy, clitoral repair has been performed since the 2000s. Nevertheless, there is a lack of precise and comprehensive data on the clitoral anatomy during surgical repair. This study aimed to precisely describe the terminal anatomies of the dorsal nerve and artery of the clitoris, and the clitoral neurovascular flap advancement for reconstruction in patients with female genital mutilation...

In this paper, we argue that providers who conscientiously refuse to provide legal and professionally accepted medical care are not always morally required to refer their patients to willing providers. Indeed, we will argue that refusing to refer is morally admirable in certain instances. In making the case, we show that belief in a sweeping moral duty to refer depends on an implicit assumption that the procedures sanctioned by legal and professional norms are ethically permissible. Focusing on examples of female genital cutting, clitoridectomy and 'normalizing' surgery for children with intersex traits, we argue that this assumption is untenable and that providers are not morally required to refer when refusing to perform genuinely unethical procedures...

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to investigate the complications of circumcision and determine its prevalence in the studied areas. METHODS: In this study, the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, SID, Web of Science and Magiran were selected to search the total population of observational studies published in Persian and English on the prevalence and circumcision complications in girls. The keywords searched for this purpose were as follows: female genital mutilation, Infibulations, Epidemiologic Methods, Clitorectomies, Female Circumcision, Clitorectomy, Clitoridectomy Complications, Prevalence, associated disease, coexistent conditions, and sequels associated with concomitant conditions, and coexistent disease and their Persian equivalent words...

A 81-year-old woman vaginal bleeding and vulvar pain. Pretreatment work-up revealed a 4.5 cm cervical cancer extended to the lower-third of the vagina and an isolated clitoral metastasis. The patient was treated with a multimodal treatment consisting with radiotherapy followed by clitoridectomy. She recovered uneventfully following the multimodal treatment, and is currently free of disease. Clitoral metastasis is extremely rare, however, this condition should be considered in cervical cancer patients during the pretreatment work-up or follow-up period, especially when patients complain of clitoral pain or enlargement...

BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a clear violation of women's rights and can have adverse and irreversible health effects as well. Worldwide, more than 200 million women and girls have undergone FGM/C. Utility value of FGM/C has not been estimated yet, so we designed this study to extract the health utility value of FGM/C for the first time in the world. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study in Iran, 125 girls and women who underwent FGM/C procedure were examined by the trained midwives in order to determine its type...

OBJECTIFS: La présente directive clinique vise à diminuer la probabilité que la pratique de l'excision génitale féminine (EGF) se poursuive et à améliorer les soins prodigués aux filles et aux femmes qui ont subi une EGF ou qui risquent d'en subir une en fournissant (1) des renseignements destinés à améliorer les connaissances et la compréhension de la pratique, (2) des renseignements sur les enjeux juridiques liés à cette pratique, (3) des directives relatives au traitement des complications obstétricales et gynécologiques connexes et (4) des directives sur la compétence culturelle dans la prestation de soins aux filles et femmes touchées par l'EGF...

OBJECTIVES: To decrease the likelihood that the practice of female genital cutting (FGC) be continued in the future and to improve the care of girls and women who have been subjected to FGC or who are at risk by providing (1) information intended to strengthen knowledge and understanding of the practice, (2) information regarding the legal issues related to the practice, (3) guidance for the management of its obstetrical and gynaecological complications, and (4) guidance on the provision of culturally competent care to girls and women affected by FGC...

Stimulating the clitoris activates the brain to instigate changes in the female genital tract, namely, the enhancement of vaginal blood flow that increases vaginal luminal pO2 , vaginal transudate (lubrication) facilitating painless penile penetration and partial neutralization of the basal luminal acidic pH, vaginal tenting, and ballooning delaying sperm transport and allowing semen de-coagulation and capacitation (sperm activation) factors to act until arousal ends (often by orgasm induction). All these genital changes taken together are of major importance in facilitating the possibility of reproductive success (and thus gene propagation) no matter how or when the clitoris is stimulated-they reveal its overlooked reproductive function...

Paul Broca (1824-1880) is considered one of the founding fathers of modern neurology, mainly because of his major contribution to the anatomo-clinical method (Figure 1) (Sagan, 1979). He has also distinguished himself by his fascination with cranial measurements at the origin of modern physical anthropology and, unfortunately, racial theories based on cranial indices (facial angle and brain volume, mainly) (Gould, 1981).But what is less known is that Broca has been illustrated by particularly archaic and mutilating therapeutic practices, such as what is now considered to be female genital mutilation...

BACKGROUND: In Liberia, approximately 70% of the women of the North-Central and North-Western regions could have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in their childhood during a traditional ceremony marking their entrance into Sande, a secret female society. Little is known about FGM/C from Liberian women's perspective. This study aimed to understand the health implications of FGM/C as perceived by qualified female midwives. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in 2017 in Monrovia, Liberia's capital...

This article reviews clitoral structures, their functions and how they are activated during the stages of female life. The paradox that occurs is that different procedures of activation are claimed by some to favor 'noxious outcomes' to the physical and psychic health of women who use it to achieve sexual arousal/orgasm with or without penile vaginal intercourse. A number of the difficulties and inconsistencies in relation to these claims are explored. The proposed justification for the 'noxious outcomes' is that 'evolution' punishes sexual arousals other than by coitus because it is the only one that leads to gene propagation...

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this qualitative meta-synthesis was to understand the labor and birth experiences of immigrant women in countries of resettlement who have a history of female genital cutting (FGC), also known as female genital mutilation or female circumcision. METHODS: We used a meta-ethnography approach to synthesize the literature on this topic. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts databases from inception to May 2016 using the search terms female genital cutting, female circumcision, clitorectomy, clitoridectomy, pharaonic circumcision, genital circumcision, female genital mutilation, infibulation, and deinfibulation...

This document has been archived because it contains outdated information. It should not be consulted for clinical use, but for historical research only. Please visit the journal website for the most recent guidelines.This document has been archived because it contains outdated information. It should not be consulted for clinical use, but for historical research only. Please visit the journal website for the most recent guidelines.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced in many areas of the world, including the Middle East, Africa and Australia. Although it is most common in Muslim populations it is not a dictate of Islam. In the 1980s this practice was reported among Bedouin tribes, originally nomadic, in the southern area of Israel. Almost all of the women interviewed in the first study intended to continue the practice by performing FGM on their daughters including educated women who were teachers, dental assistants or university students...

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The Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) in England allows for mental health exceptions for cosmetic surgery resulting from perceived abnormality. Similar legislation exists in other countries. There are no reported cases of clitoridectomy for cosmetic reasons or any discussion in the literature of mental health exceptions to the Act. This is a single case report on a 33-year-old married, heterosexual woman who had already had a cosmetic labiaplasty and was seeking a clitoridectomy for aesthetic reasons. At assessment, there were no psychiatric contra-indications or unrealistic expectations and the patient proceeded with a clitoridectomy...

OBJECTIVE: To report overall occurrence, and the mode of presentation and management of girls with post genital mutilation giant clitoral epidermoid inclusion cyst in an African subregion. METHODS: This is a prospective experience with female patients who presented at two centers in Benin City, Nigeria, between January 2005 and December 2009 with clitoral epidermoid inclusion cyst following underground traditional female genital mutilation performed on neonates...