Cerebral paresy

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) is an uncommon neurological condition marked by changes in the skeletal structure, cerebral hemiatrophy, and ventriculomegaly. Manifesting primarily in early life, DDMS presents with seizures, hemiplegia, facial asymmetry, and intellectual disabilities. There are congenital and acquired types of DDMS, with ischemia being the most common cause of the latter. Three cases are presented here to highlight the radiological and clinical characteristics of DDMS. The first case involves a 27-year-old male with generalized seizures and right-sided hemiparesis since childhood, along with developmental delays and facial asymmetry...

OBJECTIVES: Dysfunction of the central nervous system may inflict spastic movement disorder (SMD). Electrical stimuli were identified as promising therapeutic option. Electrical stimulation provided by a 58-electrode full body garment was investigated based on data from regular trial fittings. METHODS: Data from 72 testees were investigated. Age averages 36.6 (19.8) ys with 44 females. The cohort spans infantile cerebral paresis (CP) (n=29), multiple sclerosis (MS) (n=23) and stroke (n=20)...

INTRODUCTION: Neurosyphilis (NS) refers to a central nervous system infection caused by Treponema pallidum . In recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of syphilis; however, NS is uncommon compared to the era before the discovery of penicillin. Manifestations are usually non-specific, ranging from asymptomatic cases to syphilitic meningitis, meningovascular syphilis, general paresis and tabes dorsalis. Meningovascular syphilis can cause an inflammatory arteritis of cerebral arteries, leading to vascular occlusion and cerebral infarction...

Meningitis is the inflammation of the membranes surrounding the central nervous system and is poorly described in water buffaloes. Five cases of meningitis in adults buffaloes of the Murrah and Mediterranean breads were studied. All buffaloes came from a farm located in the municipality of Castanhal, Pará, Brazil at different times. Clinical examination showed neurological clinical signs, such as apathy, reluctance to move, spastic paresis especially of the pelvic limbs, hypermetria, difficulty getting up, pressing of the head into obstacles and convulsion...

OBJECTIVE: The best treatment strategies for cerebral arachnoid cysts (CAC) are still up for debate. In this study, we present CAC management, outcome data, and risk factors for recurrence after surgical treatment, focusing on microscopic/endoscopic approaches as compared to minimally invasive stereotactic procedures in children and adults. METHODS: In our single-institution retrospective database, we identified all patients treated surgically for newly diagnosed CAC between 2000 and 2022...

A man in his 60s, known with multiple sclerosis, presented with seizures and paresis of the left arm and leg. Brain imaging showed a white matter lesion, right parietal, which was progressive over the last 6 years and not typical for multiple sclerosis. Brain biopsy showed a B-cell infiltrate with IgA lambda monotypic plasma cell differentiation and amyloid deposits, typed as lambda immunoglobulin light chain (AL). Bone marrow biopsy and PET/CT ruled out a systemic lymphoma. Extended history taking, blood and urine testing (including cardiac biomarkers) identified no evidence of systemic amyloidosis-induced organ dysfunction...

We present the case of a 58-year-old male with a 3-day history of sudden onset headache, loss of consciousness, and uncontrolled vomiting. The patient had 3/5 quadriparesis and a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 8, which merited neurocritical intensive care. Brain imaging suggested the presence of two lesions: (i) a fusiform aneurysm of 12 × 7 mm in an accessory A2 artery of the anterior cerebral artery and (ii) an unruptured saccular aneurysm of 3.3 × 2.8 mm in the distal segment of the basilar artery...

BACKGROUND Involvement of the central nervous system during infection with dengue virus (DENV) is recognized. However, ischemic stroke is rarely reported. Herein are described 2 cases of patients with ischemic stroke in which DENV infection was demonstrated. CASE REPORT The first patient was a 51-year-old woman that presented altered consciousness, monoparesis, facial palsy, dysarthria, Babinski sign, and syncope 7 days from the onset of fever. She had a history of carotid artery atherothrombosis and previous stroke...

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BACKGROUND: Capillary hemangioma is a rare benign hemangioma that occurs in the soft tissues of the skin, orbit, head, and neck. Intracranial cases, especially intraparenchymal cases, are extremely rare. In this study, we report the course of an intracranial parenchymal capillary hemangioma with left mild motor paresis and involuntary movements of the left upper extremity and was successfully treated by surgical resection, including radiological and pathological examinations. CASE DESCRIPTION: This is a case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with motor weakness and involuntary movement of the left upper extremity...

An 11 years old male Labrador cross presented with unilateral vestibular signs, ipsilateral facial paresis, moderate obtundation, ptyalism, and paraparesis. MRI of the brain revealed diffuse, multifocal T2/FLAIR hyperintense changes throughout various regions of the brain including the medulla, midbrain, pons, thalamus and right cerebral hemisphere with mild multifocal contrast enhancement. The patient progressed to trismus with generalized increased extensor tone and risus sardonicus. A diagnosis of generalized tetanus was made and the patient was started on antibiotics, skeletal muscle relaxants and tetanus antitoxin and made a full recovery...

BACKGROUND: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri) defines a subacute autoimmune encephalopathy, which is presumably caused by increased CSF concentrations of anti-Aβ autoantibodies. This autoinflammatory reaction is temporally and regionally associated with microglial activation, inflammation and radiological presence of vasogenic edema. Clinical characteristics include progressive demential development as well as headache and epileptic seizures. In the absence of histopathologic confirmation, the criteria defined by Auriel et al...

Dexamethasone, a long-acting potent glucocorticoid, is one of the most widely used medications in neurosurgery. In this paper, the authors recount the history of dexamethasone's rise in neurosurgery and discuss its use in brain tumors in the context of emerging neuro-oncological immunotherapies. In 1958, Glen E. Arth synthesized a 16-alpha-methylated analog of cortisone (dexamethasone) for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Joseph Galicich, a neurosurgery resident at the time, applied the rheumatological drug to neurosurgery...

BACKGROUND: Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) is an inborn error of immunity, in patients older than 2 years, characterized by normal immunoglobulin levels and IgG subclasses, but with recurrent infections and decreased antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. CASE REPORT: A 10-year-old female, previously healthy, with no significant family history. She is known in this institution for symptoms of headache, vomiting and paresis. A CT scan of the skull was performed, where 4 brain abscesses, edema and displacement of the midline were observed, a right frontal trephine was performed and abscess drainage, antimicrobial management for infectology, blood cultures, Gram staining and cultures of negative drainage material...

PURPOSE: General paresis is a common type of neurosyphilis featuring progressive cognitive deterioration. The lack of a golden standard of diagnosis and its nonspecific clinical manifestations resulted in a high rate of misdiagnoses. This study aims to investigate the clinical, laboratory and radiological presentations of general paresis and enrich its knowledge for timely diagnoses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study collected hospitalized patients admitted for general paresis from September 2002 to November 2022...

Giant serpentine aneurysms are rare huge and partially thrombosed aneurysms, with an eccentric tortuous intra-aneurysmal vascular channel. Surgical treatment is often necessary due to the great mass effect. We describe a case of a left-handed woman with a giant serpentine aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery whose management was complex. The challenge was to exclude the aneurysm from circulation, reduce the mass effect, and, mostly, preserve the language function. Since the patient was left-handed the language dominance needed to be assessed; functional MRI (fMRI) and Wada test (WT) showed a right dominance...

INTRODUCTION: Muscle changes after stroke cannot be explained solely on the basis of corticospinal bundle damage. Muscle-specific changes contribute to limited functional recovery but have been poorly characterized. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We conducted a systematic review of muscular changes occurring at the histological, neuromuscular and functional levels during the first year after the onset of post-stroke hemiplegia. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Embase and CINHAL databases up to November 2022 using a keyword combination comprising cerebral stroke, hemiplegic, atrophy, muscle structure, paresis, skeletal muscle fiber type, motor unit, oxidative stress, strength, motor control...

Roughly one-third of migraine patients suffer from migraine with aura, characterized by transient focal neurological symptoms or signs such as visual disturbance, sensory abnormalities, speech problems, or paresis in association with the headache attack. Migraine with aura is associated with an increased risk for stroke, epilepsy, and with anxiety disorder. Diagnosis of migraine with aura sometimes requires exclusion of secondary causes if neurological deficits present for the first time or are atypical. It was the aim of this review to summarize EEG an MRI findings during migraine aura in the context of pathophysiological concepts...

A 46-year-old man with a history of generalized skin rash following physical contact with possible syphilis infection developed right upper and lower extremity ataxia and right lower extremity paresis. Brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed multiple areas of acute cerebral infarction mainly within the territories of the right superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and left anterior cerebral artery. The patient was diagnosed with meningovascular neurosyphilis based on positive results on syphilis testing of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid...

OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is one approach to the potential improvement of patients with post-stroke or post-traumatic spasticity. However, little is known about whether and how such interventions alter supraspinal neural systems involved in the pathogenesis of spasticity. This pilot study investigated whether epidural spinal cord stimulation at the level of the C3-C5 cervical segments, aimed at reducing spasticity, alters the patterns of functional connectivity of the brain...