Butyrate

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine anomalies among females of reproductive age, highlighted by hyperandrogenism. PCOS is multifactorial as it can be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, low-grade chronic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. PCOS also leads to dysbiosis by lowering microbial diversity and beneficial microbes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Akkermenisa, and Bifidobacterium, and by causing a higher load of opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia/Shigella, Fusobacterium, Bilophila, and Sutterella...

Hydrolysis at changing hydraulic retention time, recirculation, bedding straw content in the feed, bioaugmentation and the impact of those changes on gradient formation in the liquid phase in plug-flow reactors (PFRs) was examined. The pH-value, conductivity and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were monitored at three spots along the PFRs to study potential correlations to process performance during a total process time of 123 weeks. The on-line monitoring showed good correlations to acidogenesis: namely, the pH and ORP to the acidification, to butyric (and lactic) acid concentration and to the acid yield...

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid), a crucial neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its extensive benefits for human health. The review focused on recent advances in the biosynthesis and production of GABA. To begin with, the investigation evaluates GABA-producing strains and metabolic pathways, focusing on microbial sources such as Lactic Acid Bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The metabolic pathways of GABA are elaborated upon, including the GABA shunt and critical enzymes involved in its synthesis...

Chitobiose (COS2 ) efficiently lowers lipids in vivo and facilitates butyric acid enrichment during human fecal fermentation. However, whether COS2 can interact with butyric acid to generate a hypolipidemic effect remains unclear. This study examined the hypolipidemic mechanism of COS2 involving butyric acid, which could alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The results revealed that COS2 administration modulated the β-oxidation pathway in the liver and restructured the short chain fatty acids in the fecal of ob/ob-/- mice...

Butyric acid is a volatile saturated monocarboxylic acid, which is widely used in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, energy, and animal feed industries. This study focuses on producing butyric acid from pre-treated rape straw using simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis semi-solid fermentation (SEHSF). Clostridium beijerinckii BRM001 screened from pit mud of Chinese nongxiangxing baijiu was used. The genome of C. beijerinckii BRM001 was sequenced and annotated. Using rape straw as the sole carbon source, fermentation optimization was carried out based on the genomic analysis of BRM001...

Background: It is poorly understood what cellular types participate in ductular reaction (DR) and whether DR facilitates recovery from injury or accelerates hepatic fibrosis. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the role of hepatic progenitor cell (HPC)-originated DR during fibrotic progression. Methods: DR in liver specimens of PBC, chronic HBV infection (CHB) or NAFLD, and four rodent fibrotic models by different pathogenic processes was evaluated. Gli1 expression was inhibited in rodent models or cell culture and organoid models by AAV-sh Gli1 or treating with GANT61...

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are essential to cattle as a source of energy and for other roles in metabolism. These molecules are formed during fermentation by microbes in the rumen, but even after decades of study, the biochemical pathways responsible for forming them are not always clear. Here we review recent advances in this area and their importance for improving animal productivity. Studies of bacterial genomes have pointed to unusual biochemical pathways in rumen organisms. One study found that 8% of rumen organisms forming acetate, a major SCFA, had genes for a pathway previously unknown in bacteria...

Flavor esters are organic compounds widely used in the food industry to enhance the aroma and taste of products. However, most chemical processes for the production of these flavoring compounds use toxic organic solvents. Some organic solvents derived from petroleum can leave behind residual traces in food products, which may raise concerns about potential health risks and contamination. In this study, we employ Eversa Transform 2.0, a commercial lipase derived from the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus , to produce geranyl butyrate in aqueous media...

Psidium cattleianum Sabine (strawberry guava) is an evergreen shrub that is grown as a fruiting hedge and has received significant consideration in the food and pharmaceutical disciplines. This study aims to set a promising protocol for in vitro propagation of P. cattleianum , along with profiling the phenolic content of the original plant (OP), induced callus (IC), and regenerated plantlets (RP) extracts, ultimately, evaluating their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential. Seeds were treated with commercial bleaching, HCl, and H2 O2 to enhance the germination percentage and minimize the contamination percentage...

Visceral hypersensitivity resulting from compromised gut barrier with activated immune system is a key feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activate proinflammatory cytokine signaling to induce these changes, which is one of the mechanisms of IBS. As activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or TLR4 leads to release interleukin (IL)-1β, the NLRP3 inflammasome may be involved in the pathophysiology of IBS...

Extensive leaf transcriptome profiling and differential gene expression analysis of field grown and elicited shoot cultures of L. speciosa suggest that differential synthesis of CRA is mediated primarily by CYP and TS genes, showing functional diversity. Lagerstroemia speciosa L. is a tree species with medicinal and horticultural attributes. The pentacyclic triterpene, Corosolic acid (CRA) obtained from this species is widely used for the management of diabetes mellitus in traditional medicine. The high mercantile value of the compound and limited availability of innate resources entail exploration of alternative sources for CRA production...

Maintaining an optimum microbial community within the gastrointestinal tract is intricately linked to human metabolic, immune and brain health. Disturbance to these microbial populations perturbs the production of vital bioactive compounds synthesised by the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Of the SCFAs, butyrate is known to be a major source of energy for colonocytes and has valuable effects on the maintenance of intestinal epithelium and blood brain barrier integrity, gut motility and transit, anti-inflammatory effects, and autophagy induction...

Ligand-modified nanocarriers can promote oral or inhalative administration of macromolecular drugs across the intestinal or pulmonary mucosa. However, enhancing the unidirectional transport of the nanocarriers through "apical uptake→intracellular transport→basolateral exocytosis" route remains a hot topic and challenge in current research. Forskolin is a naturally occurring diterpenoid compound extracted from the roots of C. forskohlii. In our studies, we found that forskolin could increase the transcellular transport of butyrate-modified nanoparticles by 1...

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is markedly overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and not expressed in normal liver tissues. In this study, a novel peptide PET imaging agent ([18 F]AlF-NOTA-IPB-GPC3P) was developed to target GPC3 expressed in tumors. The overall radiochemical yield of [18 F]AlF-NOTA-IPB-GPC3P was 10-15 %, and its lipophilicity, expressed as the logD value at a pH of 7.4, was -1.18 ± 0.06 (n = 3). Compared to the previously reported tracer [18 F]AlF-GP2633, [18 F]AlF-NOTA-IPB-GPC3P exhibited higher cellular uptake (15...

The conversion of fast-twitch fibers into slow-twitch fibers within skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in improving physical stamina and safeguarding against metabolic disorders in individuals. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) possesses numerous pharmacological and health advantages, effectively inhibiting the onset of chronic illnesses. However, there is a lack of research on the specific mechanisms by which GSPE influences muscle physiology and gut microbiota. This study aims to investigate the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in GSPE regulation of skeletal muscle fiber type conversion...

Herpesviruses have two distinct life cycle stages, latency and lytic replication. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gamma-herpesvirus, establishes latency in vivo and in cultured cells. Cell lines harboring latent EBV can be induced into the lytic cycle by treatment with chemical inducing agents. In the Burkitt lymphoma cell line HH514-16 the viral lytic cycle is triggered by butyrate, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Butyrate also alters expression of thousands of cellular genes. However, valproic acid (VPA), another HDAC inhibitor with global effects on cellular gene expression blocks EBV lytic gene expression in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines...

The gut microbiota composition in animals and humans has recently been found to be influenced by exercise. Although Limosilactobacillus reuteri strains have notable probiotic properties that promote human health, understanding of its effects in combination with exercise and physical activity is limited. Therefore, this study examined the effects of L. reuteri ID-D01, a human-derived probiotic, on exercise performance and fatigue in Sprague-Dawley rats. Organ weight, maximal running distance, serum biochemistry, muscle performance, microbial community composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were assessed...

There is growing interest in the potential health benefits of probiotics for both humans and animals. The study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding the canine-derived probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici GLP06 to adult beagles by analysing the microbiome and metabolome. Twenty-four healthy adult beagles were randomly assigned to four groups. The CK group received a standard diet, while the three probiotic groups, the LG group (2 × 108  CFU/day/dog), MG group (2 × 109  CFU/day/dog), and HG group (2 × 1010  CFU/day/dog), received the standard diet supplemented with varying amounts of probiotics...

BACKGROUND: Butyric acid and its derivatives support the immune system, lessen inflammation, and lessen oxidative stress in broilers in addition to preserving gut homeostasis and epithelial integrity. Broiler performance has also been demonstrated to rise with the addition of nucleotides to the diet. AIM: The purpose of the study was to ascertain the effects of butyric acid and nucleotides added to feed on the overall performance, immunity, oxidant/antioxidant enzyme levels, intestinal histology, and hepatic functions of broilers...

Immunometabolism investigates the intricate relationship between the immune system and cellular metabolism. This study delves into the consequences of mitochondrial frataxin (FXN) depletion, the primary cause of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a debilitating neurodegenerative condition characterized by impaired coordination and muscle control. By using single-cell RNA sequencing, we have identified distinct cellular clusters within the cerebellum of an FRDA mouse model, emphasizing a significant loss in the homeostatic response of microglial cells lacking FXN...