Cytokine reviews

BACKGROUND: Despite significant advances in cancer immunotherapy over the past decades, such as T cell-engaging chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), therapeutic failure resulting from various factors remains prevalent. Therefore, developing combinational immunotherapeutic strategies is of great significance for improving the clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapy. Natural products are substances that naturally exist in various living organisms with multiple pharmacological or biological activities, and some of them have been found to have anti-tumor potential...

Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases with a chronic, relapsing-remitting course. The last decades of intense research uncovered a pathological network of interactions between immune cells and other types of cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Emerging evidence indicates that dendritic cells, TH 17 cells, and keratinocytes constitute a pathogenic triad in psoriasis. Dendritic cells produce TNF-α and IL-23 to promote T cell differentiation toward TH 17 cells that produce key psoriatic cytokines IL-17, IFN-γ, and IL-22...

Aging is a life phenomenon that occurs in most living organisms and is a major risk factor for many diseases, including cancer. Cellular senescence is a cellular trait induced by various genomic and epigenetic stresses. Senescent cells are characterized by irreversible cell growth arrest and excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines (senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, SASP). Chronic tissue microinflammation induced by SASP contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of age-related diseases, including cancer...

Ovarian cancer ranks as the seventh most prevalent cancer among women and is considered the most lethal gynecological malignancy on a global scale. The absence of reliable screening techniques, coupled with the insidious onset of nonspecific symptoms, often results in a delayed diagnosis, typically at an advanced stage characterized by peritoneal involvement. Management of advanced tumors typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery. However, the therapeutic arsenal for ovarian cancer patients remains limited, highlighting the unmet need for precise, targeted, and sustained-release pharmacological agents...

OBJECTIVE: Cytokines are involved in the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance and have been shown to play an important role in the course of COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of periostin, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) levels with clinical course and mortality in patients with early COVID-19 pneumonia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 150 hospitalized patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 between June and October 2021, and a control group of 30 healthy individuals were included in our study...

While normal B- and T-lymphocytes require antigenic ligands to become activated via their B- and T-cell receptors (BCR and TCR, respectively), B- and T-cell lymphomas show the broad spectrum of cell activation mechanisms regarding their dependence on BCR or TCR signaling, including loss of such dependence. These mechanisms are generally better understood and characterized for B-cell than for T-cell lymphomas. While some lymphomas, particularly the indolent, low-grade ones remain antigen-driven, other retain dependence on activation of their antigen receptors seemingly in an antigen-independent manner with activating mutations of the receptors playing a role...

Introduction Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) plays a vital role in viral-induced hypercoagulability through the initiation of a cytokine storm. This mechanism has been found to predispose unvaccinated patients to systemic complications including arterial thrombosis (AT) with poor 30-day amputation-free survival rates. There remains, however, little understanding regarding the incidence in patients who have received a COVID-19 vaccination. This study aims to assess the incidence, management and outcomes of vaccinated patients with COVID-19 who develop thrombotic complications to reduce amputation and direct mortality...

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an immunostimulatory cytokine which belongs to the common gamma-chain family of cytokines. It plays an import role in the development, differentiation, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, in particular T and natural killer (NK) cells. Since its discovery in 2000, IL-21 has been shown to regulate both adaptive and immune responses associates with key role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Recent advances indicate IL-21 as a promising target for cancer treatment and encouraging results were obtained in preclinical studies which investigated the potency of IL-21 alone or in combination with other therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitory molecules, oncolytic virotherapy, and adoptive cell transfer...

Helminth-derived proteins have immunomodulatory properties, influencing the host's immune response as an adaptive strategy for helminth survival. Helminth-derived proteins modulate the immune response by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoting regulatory T-cell development, and ultimately favouring a Th2-biased immune response. This systematic review focused on helminth-derived proteins and explored their impact on reducing inflammatory responses in mouse models of colitis. A systematic search across Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library identified fourteen relevant studies...

Immunotherapy is a promising and long-lasting tumor treatment method, but it is challenged by the complex metabolism of tumors. To optimize immunotherapy, it is essential to further investigate the key proteins that regulate tumor metabolism and immune response. STAT3 plays a crucial role in regulating tumor dynamic metabolism and affecting immune cell function by responding to various cytokines and growth factors, which can be used as a potential target for immunotherapy. This review focuses on the crosstalk between STAT3 and tumor metabolism (including glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism) and its impact on the differentiation and function of immune cells such as T cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and reveals potential treatment strategies...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex disease that develops through a sequence of molecular events that are still poorly defined. This process is driven by a multitude of context-dependent genes that play different roles based on their environment. The complexity and multi-faceted nature of these genes make it difficult to study the genetic basis of IBD. The goal of this article is to review the key genes in the pathophysiology of IBD and highlight new technology that can be used in further research...

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive form of brain tumor with low survival rates. Current treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are problematic due to tumor growth, invasion, and tumor microenvironment. GBM cells are resistant to these standard treatments, and the heterogeneity of the tumor makes it difficult to find a universal approach. Progression of GBM and acquisition of resistance to therapy are due to the complex interplay between tumor cells and the TME...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine, is closely linked to vascular wall thickening and atherosclerotic lesion. Since serum IL-6 levels are largely determined by the genetic variant in IL-6, this study was conducted to investigate whether the IL-6 variant impacts cardiometabolic profile and the risk of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD). PubMed, Cochrane Library, Central, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from May 13, 2022 to June 28, 2023...

Pulpitis is a special disease of dental pulp. It causes localized inflammation, due to various inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. These inflammatory mediators are responsible for various reparative and resorptive processes in the dental pulp. The balance between these processes ultimately determines the viability of the tooth. Due to the important properties of various inflammatory markers, the correlation of cytokinin gene expression in various stages of inflammation becomes necessary to focus on...

BACKGROUND: Septic shock is a severe form of sepsis characterised by deterioration in circulatory and cellular-metabolic parameters. Despite standard therapy, the outcomes are poor. Newer adjuvant therapy, such as CytoSorb® extracorporeal haemoadsorption device, has been investigated and shown promising outcome. However, there is a lack of some guidance to make clinical decisions on the use of CytoSorb® haemoadsorption as an adjuvant therapy in septic shock in Indian Setting...

BACKGROUND: Glioma is a primary tumor originating from the central nervous system, and despite ongoing efforts to improve treatment, its overall survival rate remains low. There are a limited number of reports regarding the clinical grading, prognostic impact, and utility of chemokines. Therefore, conducting a meta-analysis is necessary to obtain convincing and conclusive results. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Ovid Medline, CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP, and CBM...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness characterized by impaired social interaction and restricted repetitive behaviors or interests. The rising prevalence of ASD diagnosis has triggered a surge in research into investigating the underlying neuropathological processes and finding new therapeutic approaches. ASD is characterized by neuroinflammation and dysregulation of neuro-immune cross-talk, which suggests that stem cell treatment might be a potential therapeutic approach. The beneficial and restorative effects of stem cells are mainly due to their paracrine activity, in which stem cells generate and release extracellular vesicles such as exosomes and distinct secreted non-vesicle soluble proteins, including, growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and immunomodulatory molecules referred to as the Secretome...

Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an important cytokine that invokes early immune responses. TSLP, an IL-7-like cytokine encoded by the TSLP gene, activates JAK1 and JAK2 signaling pathways, stimulating dendritic cells to induce inflammatory Th2 cells. This cytokine is associated with pruritus in various cutaneous disorders, particularly atopic dermatitis. Varying levels of the cytokine TSLP have been demonstrated in studies of different cutaneous disorders. Pharmacological treatment targeting TSLP has been explored recently, particularly in the realm of atopic dermatitis...

The introduction of novel immunotherapies has significantly transformed the treatment landscape of genitourinary (GU) cancers, even becoming the standard of care in some settings. One such type of immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) like nivolumab, ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab play a pivotal role by disturbing signaling pathways that limit the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. Despite the profound impact of these treatments, not all tumors are responsive. Recent research efforts have been focused on understanding how cancer cells manage to evade the immune response and identifying the possible mechanisms behind resistance to immunotherapy...

Risankizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits the p19 subunit of IL-23 cytokine. Recently it has been approved for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease (CD). We conducted a scoping review to summarize the available data on risankizumab and to define its positioning in the treatment algorithm of CD. Pubmed, Embase and Scopus databases were searched up to Oct 31, 2023 to identify studies reporting efficacy and safety data of risankizumab in patients with CD. Risankizumab is an effective and safe drug for the management of patients with moderate-to-severe CD...