Adrenergic receptor inflammation

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) which is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, and its activity is inhibited by obesity and low-grade chronic inflammation. Ginsenoside Rg3, the primary constituent of Korean red ginseng (steamed Panax ginseng CA Meyer), has shown therapeutic potential in combating inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Rg3 can protect against the suppression of browning or activation of BAT induced by inflammation. In this study, we conducted a screening of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng extract (RGE) and explored the anti-adipogenic effects of both RGE and Rg3...

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is usually accompanied by the activation of the sympathetic nerve, and the excessive activation of the sympathetic nerve also promotes cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. In the isoproterenol (ISO) induced animal model, it is often accompanied by myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4a (Lilrb4a) is an immunosuppressive regulatory receptor and plays a vital role in cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of Lilrb4a on ventricular arrhythmias from ISO-induced mice model remains unclear...

Adrenergic pathways represent the main channel of communication between the nervous system and the immune system. During inflammation, blood monocytes migrate within tissue and differentiate into macrophages, which polarize to M1 or M2 macrophages with tissue-damaging or -reparative properties, respectively. This study investigates whether the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR)-blocking drug propranolol modulates the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation process and further influences macrophages in their polarization toward M1- and M2-like phenotypes...

Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) refers to a clinical condition in which the signs of HF, such as pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and increased natriuretic-peptide levels, are present despite normal ejection-fractions and the absence of other causes (e.g. pericardial disease). The ejection-fraction cutoff for the definition of HFpEF has varied in the past, but recent society guidelines have settled on a consensus of 50%. HFpEF is particularly common in the elderly. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the available literature regarding HFpEF in the elderly in terms of evidence for the age-dependence, specific clinical features and underlying mechanisms...

BACKGROUND: Electroacupuncture (EA) treatment is efficacious in patients with respiratory disorders, although the mechanisms of its action in lung-function protection are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the neuroanatomical mechanisms of EA stimulation at the BL13 acupoint (Feishu, EA-BL13) improvement in asthma. METHODS: Allergic asthma was induced by intranasal 2.0% ovalbumin (OVA) instillation combined with intraperitoneal injection of the 10.0% OVA...

BACKGROUND: Phentolamine is an α-adrenergic receptor blocker that can be used to treat neonatal pneumonia, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this study is to probe the function of phentolamine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and cell death in an in vitro model of neonatal pneumonia. METHODS: Human MRC-5 cells were incubated with varying doses of phentolamine in vitro to evaluate cell viability. Subsequently, LPS was introduced to further investigate the combined effects of phentolamine and LPS on cell viability and apoptosis in MRC-5 cells...

OBJECTIVE: Metabolic processes are intricately linked to the resolution of innate inflammation and tissue repair, two critical steps for treating post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Based on lipolytic and immunoregulatory actions of norepinephrine, we hypothesized that intra-articular β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) stimulation would suppress PTOA-associated inflammation in the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) and synovium. DESIGN: We used the βAR agonist isoproterenol to perturb intra-articular metabolism 3...

Heart attacks, also known as myocardial infarctions (MIs), are one of the main reasons people die from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide. Neferine, an alkaloid derived from Nelumbo nucifera seeds, has garnered interest due to its purported medicinal effects. In the current research, we induced MI in rats using the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol to investigate whether neferine can improve cardiac dysfunction. The rats were separated into four groups: control, isoproterenol (ISO), and two treatment groups received neferine at doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg once daily for 28 days...

Maternal obesity might induce obesity and metabolic alterations in the progeny. The study aimed to determine the effect of supplementing obese mothers with Mel (Mel) on thermogenesis and inflammation. C57BL/6 female mice (mothers) were fed from weaning to 12 weeks control diet (C, 17 % kJ as fat) or a high-fat diet (HF, 49 % kJ as fat) and then matted with male mice fed the control diet. Melatonin (10 mg/kg daily) was supplemented to mothers during gestation and lactation, forming the groups C, CMel, HF, and HFMel (n=10/group)...

OBJECTIVE: Myocardial injuries resulting from hypoxia are a significant concern, and this study aimed to explore potential protective strategies against such damage. Specifically, we sought to investigate the cardioprotective effects of 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1). METHODS: Male Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to hypoxic conditions simulating high-altitude exposure at 6000 m in a low-pressure chamber for 7 days. Before and during hypoxic exposure, estradiol (E2) and various doses of 16α-OHE1 were administered for 14 days...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are inflammations of the prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra in males. Jinqiancao granules are a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat kidney stones and this medicine consists of four herbs: Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr., Pyrrosia calvata (Baker) Ching, Plantago asiatica L. and stigma of Zea mays L. AIM OF THE STUDY: We hypothesized that Jinqiancao granules could be a potential therapy for prostatitis and BPH, and this work aimed to elucidate active compounds in Jinqiancao granules and their target mechanisms for the potential treatment of the two diseases...

The strong ethnopharmacological utilization of Isodon rugosus Wall. Ex. Benth is evident in the treatment of several types of pain and inflammation, including toothache, earache, abdominal pain, gastric pain, and generalized body pain and inflammation. Based on this background, the antinociceptive effects of the crude extract, various fractions, and essential oil have been reported previously. In this research work, we isolate and characterize pure bioactive compounds from I. rugosus and evaluate possible mechanisms using various in vivo and in vitro models...

INTRODUCTION: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is primarily utilized for sedation in the context of general anesthesia or intensive care. However, the exact regulatory mechanism by which DEX affects cytokines remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism by which DEX inhibits proinflammatory factors through activation of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2 AR). METHODS: The inflammatory cell model of human mononuclear macrophage (THP-1) cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was established to study the effect of DEX on the expression of cell-related inflammatory factors...

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of obesity and sarcopenia, with diagnostic criteria defined as impaired skeletal muscle function and altered body composition (e.g., increased fat mass and reduced muscle mass). The mechanism of SO is not yet perfectly understood; however, the pathogenesis includes aging and its complications, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), and hormonal changes. Genetic background is apparent in the pathogenesis of isolated obesity, which is most often polygenic and is characterized by the additive effect of various genetic factors...

INTRODUCTION: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has a significant impact on society and quality of life. Current treatments are ineffective, and new investigational drugs are necessary. AREAS COVERED: Numerous potential therapies are developing, targeting different areas such as cannabinoid signaling, opioid receptors, tachykinin (NK2) receptors, β3-adrenergic receptors, intestinal microbiota, inflammation, and 5HT receptors. Clinical trial evidence has shown that loperamide, eluxadoline, alosetron, ramosetron, bile acid sequestrants, and rifaximin can modulate GI alterations and benefit patients with IBS-D...

Adverse cardiac remodeling contributes to the development and progression of heart failure (HF) driven, in part, by inappropriate sympathetic nervous system activation. While blockade of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) is a common therapeutic strategy in HF, not all patients respond necessitating elucidation of additional therapeutic approaches. Minocycline is an FDA-approved antibiotic with pleiotropic properties, independent of its antimicrobial action, and recent evidence suggests it may act by altering gene expression via changes in miRNA expression...

Inflammation is closely associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, whether inflammation causes, exacerbates, or responds to neurodegeneration has been challenging to define because the two processes are so closely linked. Here, we disentangle inflammation from the axon damage it causes by individually blocking cytotoxic T cell function and axon degeneration. We model inflammatory damage in mouse skin, a barrier tissue that, despite frequent inflammation, must maintain proper functioning of a dense array of axon terminals...

Dairy cows with clinical ketosis (CK) exhibit excessive adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis and systemic inflammation. Lipolysis in cows can be induced by the canonical (hormonally induced) and inflammatory lipolytic pathways. Currently, the most common treatment for CK is oral propylene glycol (PG); however, PG does not reduce lipolysis or inflammation. Niacin (NIA) can reduce the activation of canonical lipolysis, whereas cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as flunixin meglumine (FM) can limit inflammation and inhibit the inflammatory lipolytic pathway...

The combustion of fossil fuels contributes to air pollution (AP), which was linked to about 8.79 million global deaths in 2018, mainly due to respiratory and cardiovascular-related effects. Among these, particulate air pollution (PM2.5) stands out as a major risk factor for heart health, especially during vulnerable phases. Our prior study showed that premature exposure to 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), a chemical found in diesel exhaust particles (DEP), exacerbated asthma in adulthood. Moreover, increased concentration of 1,2-NQ contributed to airway inflammation triggered by PM2...

25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC) is a biologically active oxysterol, whose production greatly increases during inflammation by macrophages and dendritic cells. The inflammatory reactions are frequently accompanied by changes in heart regulation, such as blunting of the cardiac β-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling. Here, the mechanism of 25HC-dependent modulation of responses to β-AR activation was studied in the atria of mice. 25HC at the submicromolar levels decreased the β-AR-mediated positive inotropic effect and enhancement of the Ca2+ transient amplitude, without changing NO production...