Guessing

UNLABELLED: At the current juncture with climate change, centennial projections of species distributions in biodiversity hotspots, using dynamic vegetation models may provide vital insight into conservation efforts. This study aims to answer: (1) if climate change progresses under a business-as-usual scenario of anthropogenic emissions for this century, how may the forest ranges be affected? (2) will there be potential regional extinctions of the taxa simulated? (3) may any site emerge as a potential refugium? STUDY AREA: Anatolian Peninsula and its surroundings, longitudes 24-50° E, latitudes 33-46° N...

In this paper, we introduce a novel artificial intelligence technique with an attention mechanism for half-space electromagnetic imaging. A dielectric object in half-space is illuminated by TM (transverse magnetic) waves. Since measurements can only be made in the upper space, the measurement angle will be limited. As a result, we apply a back-propagation scheme (BPS) to generate an initial guessed image from the measured scattered fields for scatterer buried in the lower half-space. This process can effectively reduce the high nonlinearity of the inverse scattering problem...

There is a growing interest in the clinical application of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, its effect on cortical excitability, and whether this is modulated by stimulation duration, remains unclear. We evaluated whether taVNS can modify excitability in the primary motor cortex (M1) in middle-aged and older adults and whether the stimulation duration moderates this effect. In addition, we evaluated the blinding efficacy of a commonly reported sham method. In a double-blinded randomized cross-over sham-controlled study, 23 healthy adults (mean age 59...

PURPOSE: To explore nurses' experiences of establishing partnerships with parents for pain care of hospitalized children with cognitive impairment (CI) and identify related facilitators and barriers. DESIGN AND METHODS: In this qualitative, interpretive descriptive study, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted via videoconferencing with pediatric nurses from inpatient wards in a Canadian pediatric quaternary hospital. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using an inductive, data-driven thematic analysis approach...

Limited-angle computed tomography (CT) presents a challenge due to its ill-posed nature. In such scenarios, analytical reconstruction methods often exhibit severe artifacts. To tackle this inverse problem, several supervised deep learning-based approaches have been proposed. However, they are constrained by limitations such as generalization issue and the difficulty of acquiring a large amount of paired CT images.
Approach. In this work, we propose an iterative neural reconstruction framework designed for limited-angle CT...

Maintaining or introducing genetic diversity into plant breeding programs is necessary for continual genetic gain; however, diversity at the cost of reduced performance is not something sought by breeders. To this end, backcross-nested association mapping (BC-NAM) populations, in which the recurrent parent is an elite line, can be employed as a strategy to introgress diversity from unadapted accessions while maintaining agronomic performance. This study evaluates (i) the hybrid performance of sorghum lines from 18 BC1 -NAM families and (ii) the potential of genomic prediction to screen lines from BC1 -NAM families for hybrid performance prior to phenotypic evaluation...

Previous studies have shown that people prefer risk-taking at the end of gambles, a phenomenon called the ending effect. By using the Guess Gambling Game, we investigated the impact of gain-loss status on the ending effect (Experiment 1) and whether and how this effect may be affected by time reference (Experiment 2) and gender (Experiment 1&2). In Experiment 1, we observed the ending effect only in the gain group. Furthermore, gender differences exist in the loss group behavior, females were more risk-averse than males, and males tend to investment more initially and then reduce their investment in a U-shaped pattern (Experiment 1&2)...

Eye contact is a central component in face-to-face interactions. It is important in structuring communicative exchanges and offers critical insights into others' interests and intentions. To better understand eye contact in face-to-face interactions, we applied a novel, non-intrusive deep-learning-based dual-camera system and investigated associations between eye contact and autistic traits as well as self-reported eye contact discomfort during a referential communication task, where participants and the experimenter had to guess, in turn, a word known by the other individual...

The investigation of cognitive processes that form the basis of decision-making in paradigms involving continuous outcomes has gained the interest of modeling researchers who aim to develop a dynamic decision theory that accounts for both speed and accuracy. One of the most important of these continuous models is the circular diffusion model (CDM, Smith. Psychological Review, 123(4), 425. 2016), which posits a noisy accumulation process mathematically described as a stochastic two-dimensional Wiener process inside a disk...

Human decision behavior entails a graded awareness of its certainty, known as a feeling of confidence. Until now, considerable interest has been paid to behavioral and computational dissociations of decision and confidence, which has raised an urgent need for measurement frameworks that can quantify the efficiency of confidence rating relative to decision accuracy (metacognitive efficiency). As a unique addition to such frameworks, we have developed a new signal detection theory paradigm utilizing the generalized Gaussian distribution (GGSDT)...

INTRODUCTION: Emotional recognition from audio recordings is a rapidly advancing field, with significant implications for artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction. This study introduces a novel method for detecting emotions from short, 1.5 s audio samples, aiming to improve accuracy and efficiency in emotion recognition technologies. METHODS: We utilized 1,510 unique audio samples from two databases in German and English to train our models. We extracted various features for emotion prediction, employing Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for general feature analysis, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for spectrogram analysis, and a hybrid model combining both approaches (C-DNN)...

BACKGROUND: Malaria is one of the most devastating tropical diseases, resulting in loss of lives each year, especially in children under the age of 5 years. Malaria burden, related deaths and stall in the progress against malaria transmission is evident, particularly in countries that have moderate or high malaria transmission. Hence, mitigating malaria spread requires information on the distribution of vectors and the drivers of insecticide resistance (IR). However, owing to the impracticality in establishing the critical need for real-world information at every location, modelling provides an informed best guess for such information...

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by functional and structural brain dysconnectivity and disturbances in perception, cognition, emotion, and social functioning. In the present study, we investigated whether the microstructural organisation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) was associated with emotion recognition (ER) performance. Additionally, we investigated the usefulness of an unbiased hit rate (UHR) score to control for response biases (i...

The evolution processes of complex systems carry key information in the systems' functional properties. Applying machine learning algorithms, we demonstrate that the historical formation process of various networked complex systems can be extracted, including protein-protein interaction, ecology, and social network systems. The recovered evolution process has demonstrations of immense scientific values, such as interpreting the evolution of protein-protein interaction network, facilitating structure prediction, and particularly revealing the key co-evolution features of network structures such as preferential attachment, community structure, local clustering, degree-degree correlation that could not be explained collectively by previous theories...

The World Health Organization (WHO) published its first Essential Medicines List (EML) in 1977, and it is updated biennially. One might reasonably think drugs on the EML are there because they are critical to effective, evidence-based patient care and intervention. One might not reasonably guess, however, that a particular drug's supply chain vulnerabilities that make it a shortage risk would contribute to a drug's listing on the EML. This commentary on a case first describes why the WHO makes the EML and suggests reasons why it might be important to consider a drug's shortage risk when revising and updating it...

Various interventions are used in practice to reduce prejudice against lesbian women and gay men. Often these have not been developed or evaluated for effectiveness by researchers. In this study, we used theory-based evaluation (TBE) to determine whether the assumptions underlying three types of interventions (knowledge interventions, guessing games, and theater and movie interventions) often used in practice in the Netherlands are in line with evidence from the scientific literature. As a first step, we consulted the developers of prominent examples of the three types of interventions on their assumptions about why their interventions would work to construct a theory of change for each type of intervention...

BACKGROUND: Shift workers, compared to day workers, are more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Currently, there is no tailored programme of dietary support available to either shift workers living with T2D or employers. METHODS: An intervention development consultation workshop was convened in June 2023 with the aim of evaluating potential interventions to identify those with a potential to take forward for further development. Findings from prior formative research into factors influencing dietary behaviour in shift workers with T2D were mapped to potential interventions addressing the barriers and enablers to healthy eating reported by shift workers with T2D...

When deciding whether to trust someone's claims, how do children combine-over multiple interactions-information about that person's general behavioral tendencies (traits) with that person's ongoing (and changing) rate of providing accurate claims? Children aged 4-8 played 11 rounds of a find-the-sticker game. For each round, an informant looked into two cups and made a claim about which cup held a sticker. Children guessed the sticker's location and the sticker's actual location was revealed. Prior to the game, children received information that the informant was either honest or dishonest...

Little is known about how perfectionistic adolescents experience social connection in online spaces. The current qualitative study addressed this gap by examining themes related to social (dis)connection in online and in-person settings from semistructured interviews with 43 adolescents ( M age = 15.16, SD = 2.43; 62.8% female; 58.1% white; 54.4% self-identified perfectionists). Results demonstrated that perfectionists expressed feeling less connected online than nonperfectionists, likely driven by heightened levels of interpersonal sensitivity...

Structure determination is necessary to identify unknown organic molecules, such as those in natural products, forensic samples, the interstellar medium, and laboratory syntheses. Rotational spectroscopy enables structure determination by providing accurate 3D information about small organic molecules via their moments of inertia. Using these moments, Kraitchman analysis determines isotopic substitution coordinates, which are the unsigned |x|, |y|, |z| coordinates of all atoms with natural isotopic abundance, including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen...