Herpes simplex encephalitis In childrens

New onset movement disorders are a common clinical problem in pediatric neurology and can be infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, or functional in origin. Encephalitis is one of the more important causes of new onset movement disorders, and movement disorders are a common feature (~25%) of all encephalitis. However, all encephalitides are not the same, and movement disorders are a key diagnostic feature that can help the clinician identify the etiology of the encephalitis, and therefore appropriate treatment is required...

BACKGROUND: The incidence of meningoencephalitis (ME) in India is poorly understood, and the exact etiological diagnosis is often not possible. This study was planned to elucidate the bacterial and viral etiological diagnosis of ME in children less than 5 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was conducted in Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, from July 2020 to June 2022...

Background Delays in diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) infections can lead to significant morbidity and mortality among children and adults. Prior antibiotic treatment is a major hurdle to accurate diagnosis due to falsely negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures in partially treated patients. Increasingly, molecular diagnostic methods using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) testing on CSF samples are being utilized in clinical practice for timely and accurate diagnosis. However, there is no data regarding the diagnostic accuracy or clinical impact of CSF mPCR testing in the Middle East region...

PURPOSE: Encephalitis is a heterogeneous syndrome that occurs in childhood and is not rare. However, epidemiological studies of encephalitis based on the International Encephalitis Consortium (ICS) and expert recommendations are lacking. We investigated the aetiology and prognosis of encephalitis in Korean children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included children aged <19 years hospitalised for encephalitis at Severance Children's Hospital between 2005 and 2020...

Commonly, herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes infectious encephalitis among children. A neurological relapse after primary HSV encephalitis in the weeks or months after presentation is well recognized. Relapsing symptoms of post-HSV encephalitis can present either as a true relapse or an immune-mediated disorder. A relationship is predicted between immune-mediated disorder and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies. This study presents two cases of patients suffering from anti-NMDAR encephalitis that appeared after treatment for proven HSV encephalitis...

Viral encephalitis continues to be a significant public health concern. In our previous study, we discovered a lower expression of antiviral factors, such as IFN-β, STING and IFI16, in the brain tissues of patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE), a rare chronic neurological disorder often occurred in children, characterized by unihemispheric brain atrophy. Furthermore, a higher cumulative viral score of human herpes viruses (HHVs) was also found to have a significantly positively correlated with the unihemispheric atrophy in RE...

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to clarify the risk of nephrotoxicity with intravenous use of acyclovir (ACV) for the treatment of neonates (ages <3 months) and children (ages ≥3 months to <12 years) with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and to identify gaps in knowledge that could be further investigated. METHODS: Multiple databases were searched to identify studies on risk of nephrotoxicity with ACV use for treatment of invasive HSV infections, defined as any neonatal infection or HSV encephalitis (HSE) in children...

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (KBS) is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by hyperorality, hypersexuality, bulimia, visual agnosia, and amnesia due to lesions affecting bilateral temporal lobes. It is attributed to a multitude of causes, including stroke, herpes simplex encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, and head trauma. Current treatments for KBS include symptomatic management with antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, carbamazepine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The bibliometric analysis was done to reflect the relevance and understanding of KBS in recent literature...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics, differential diagnoses, management and outcomes of severe encephalitis in children. DESIGN: A 10-year retrospective cohort study in children admitted to a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with suspected encephalitis. One to 6 months' follow-up data were compared between different categories. PARTICIPANTS: Patients from 0 to 17 years of age with acute encephalopathy and one or more of fever, seizure, focal neurological findings, cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, EEG/neuroimaging consistent with encephalitis...

BACKGROUND: Encephalitis is an uncommon, serious brain infection that can cause fatality among children. The cause of most encephalitis remained unknown, yet viruses are the most well-known infectious agents that cause encephalitis. This study aimed to determine varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1, 2 (HSV1/2) among individuals who are under 5 years of age in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 149 cerebrospinal fluid samples of suspected patients of encephalitis were analyzed with some symptoms, such as seizure, fever, nausea loss of consciousness, and dizziness from Mofid Children's Hospital in Tehran, Iran...

BACKGROUND: Encephalitis is an uncommon but severe disorder due to an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, usually diagnosed on clinical, laboratory, electroencephalographic, and neuroradiological features. New causes of encephalitis have been reported in recent years, so diagnostic criteria have changed over time. We report on a single-center experience of a pediatric Hospital, the hub of its region, over 12 years (2008-2021), with the evaluation of all children managed for acute encephalitis...

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis (NMDAR AE) is an antibody-mediated neurological disorder that may be caused by post-herpes simplex virus-1 meningoencephalitis (HSV ME) and ovarian teratomas, although most pediatric cases are idiopathic. We sought to evaluate if other infections precede NMDAR AE by conducting a single-center, retrospective, case-control study of 86 pediatric cases presenting to Texas Children's Hospital between 2006 and 2022. HSV ME (HSV-1 and HSV-2) was a significantly more common preceding infection in the experimental group compared to control patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, while there was no difference in remote HSV infection between the two groups...

OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), factors influencing the duration of empirical acyclovir and frequency of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Pediatric Emergency Department and PICU of a tertiary hospital in Northern India. PATIENTS: All consecutive, eligible children between 1 month and 12 years old presenting with AES, defined as altered consciousness for greater than 24 hours (including lethargy, irritability, or a change in personality) and two or more of the following signs: 1) fever (temperature ≥ 38°C) during the current illness, 2) seizures or focal neurological signs, 3) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, 4) electroencephalogram, and/or 5) neuroimaging suggesting encephalitis, who received at least one dose of acyclovir...

UNLABELLED: Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), is the most common cause of severe sporadic encephalitis worldwide. HSE is occasionally accompanied by the recurrence of clinical symptoms that usually occur a few weeks following the initial infection. According to recent studies, the recurrence can be due to a secondary autoimmune mechanism rather than the virus invasion. One of the most common etiologies for autoimmunity is Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various infectious and non-infectious factors can cause encephalitis in the central nervous system (CNS), the most important of which are viruses. Herpes viruses are one of the most important causes of encephalitis worldwide. PCR detected the virus on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample. The aim of this study was to set up an in-house PCR to identify herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV-1 ) and herpes simplex virus type 2 ( HSV-2 ) and determine the prevalence of these viruses in suspected children of encephalitis...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis in children and adults. Although our understanding of the disease mechanisms has progressed, little is known about estimating patient outcomes. Therefore, the NEOS (anti- N MDAR E ncephalitis O ne-Year Functional S tatus) score was introduced as a tool to predict disease progression in NMDARE. Developed in a mixed-age cohort, it currently remains unclear whether NEOS can be optimized for pediatric NMDARE...

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution and limits of BioFire® FilmArray® meningitis/encephalitis panel (FA MEP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) (product references: LLC RFIT-ASY-0118) coupled with bacterial and fungal culture in the diagnosis of central nervous system infections (CNSIs). Methods This was a retrospective observational study including all patients (adults and children) hospitalized in the intensive care units (ICUs) of a Moroccan university hospital, who benefited from multiplex PCR on a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample...

Herpesvirus infections can lead to a number of severe clinical manifestations, particularly when involving the central nervous system (CNS), causing encephalitis and meningitis. However, understanding of the host factors conferring increased susceptibility to these diseases and their complications remains incomplete. Previous studies have uncovered defects in the innate Toll-like receptor 3 pathway and production of type I interferon (IFN-I) in children and adults that predispose them to herpes simplex encephalitis...

BACKGROUND: Encephalitis is an inflammation of the cerebral parenchyma manifested by acute symptoms such as fever, headaches, and other neurological disorders. Its etiology is mostly viral, with herpes simplex virus being a frequent etiological agent in children. The development of neurological sequelae is a serious outcome associated with this infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess the general prevalence and types of neurological sequelae in children after a case of acute viral encephalitis caused by HSV...

INTRODUCTION: Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are a major threat to public health. Proper laboratory surveillance plays an important role in estimating the disease burden that helps in taking preventive measures for controlling seasonal diseases. This study focuses on the prevalence of different viral diseases in the state of Odisha, India, from 2010-2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 43,397 patients with clinical suspicion of viral diseases were screened for different viral etiology during 2010-2017...