Adhd ron

In recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. Neurologic involvement has been mainly reported in adults, and information in pediatrics is based primarily on individual case reports. In this study, we explored the prevalence and spectrum of neurologic manifestations of 50 children with inflammatory bowel disease in comparison to healthy controls. Based on clinical reports and neurologic evaluation, 34 patients (68%) exhibited neurologic manifestations compared with 10 children (23...

BACKGROUND: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders in which language is affected. However, to date, no studies have investigated the possible involvement of HLA loci in specific language impairment (SLI), a disorder that is defined primarily upon unexpected language impairment. We report association analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and HLA types in a cohort of individuals affected by language impairment. METHODS: We perform quantitative association analyses of three linguistic measures and case-control association analyses using both SNP data and imputed HLA types...

A device for continuous monitoring of central fixation utilizes birefringence, the property of the Henle fibers surrounding the human fovea, to change the polarization state of light. A circular scan of retinal birefringence, where the scanning circle encompasses the fovea, allows identification of true central fixation-an assessment much needed in various applications in ophthalmology, psychology, and psychiatry. The device allows continuous monitoring for central fixation over an extended period of time in the presence of fixation targets and distracting stimuli, which may be helpful in detecting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and other disorders characterized by changes in the subject's ability to maintain fixation...

BACKGROUND: Although hoarding symptoms have been traditionally conceptualized as part of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), recent data suggest that they may be more closely related to attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms and, in particular, inattention. The aim of the present epidemiological study was to investigate the association between retrospectively reported ADHD symptoms in childhood and lifetime hoarding symptoms. METHODS: Retrospectively reported childhood ADHD, and lifetime hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3...

Patients with trisomy or tetrasomy of distal 15q show a recognizable overgrowth syndrome, whereas patients with a monosomy of 15q26 share some degree of pre- and postnatal growth retardation, but differ with respect to facial and skeletal dysmorphisms, congenital heart disease and intellectual development. By reviewing 16 cases with losses of 15q26 we found that the size of the deletion was also not a predictor of the breadth of the phenotypic spectrum, the severity of disease or prognosis of the patient. Although monosomies of 15q26 do not represent a classical contiguous gene syndrome, a few candidate genes for selected features such as proportional growth retardation and cardiac abnormalities have been identified...

BACKGROUND: Prospective studies measuring first-incidence of DSM-IV mood, anxiety and substance use disorders in the general population are rare. We assessed these incidence rates in the Dutch population; and identified baseline sociodemographic, physical and psychopathological variables, and negative changes in sociodemographics and physical health between baseline and follow-up, as determinants of first-onset main categories of disorders. METHOD: Data are from NEMESIS-2, a representative face-to-face survey including 5303 subjects aged 18-64 interviewed twice (2007-2009; 2010-2012) with the CIDI 3...

OBJECTIVE: Given high rates of comorbidity, lack of awareness and global acceptance, and varying guidelines for its management, adult ADHD may be an especially difficult condition to diagnose and treat. The objective of this review was to explore and characterize similarities and differences among comorbidities associated with adult ADHD. METHOD: A review of the literature over the past 10 years was performed using Ovid. RESULTS: A myriad of comorbid conditions such as impulse-control/personality, anxiety, mood, substance use, learning, and sleep disorders overlap with adult ADHD...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the literature focusing on cultural influences in the diagnosis of adult ADHD and respective societal burden. METHOD: A review of the literature over the past 10 years was performed using OVID. RESULTS: Although numerous articles focused on diagnosis and burden of adult ADHD, few focused on cultural factors influencing diagnosis. Like other mental health disorders, cultural and social perspectives contribute to our understanding of adult ADHD and may play a significant role in the diagnosis and varying acceptance of the condition...

BACKGROUND: Much is unclear about the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and alcohol use (disorder). Research on this subject is hindered by the role of conduct disorder (CD). We investigate whether (1) childhood ADHD is associated with higher prevalence and earlier onset of alcohol initiation, regular alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (2) CD mediates or modifies this association. METHODS: Data were derived from the baseline assessment of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2, a general population study...

Birth complications involving reduced oxygen to the fetus pose risks for neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia and ADHD, which involve central dopamine (DA) dysfunction and also show gender differences in incidence or severity. Here, we examine possible sex differences in the long-term consequences of perinatal anoxia in the rat, on central DA systems and DA-mediated behaviour. As adults, sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition, PPI) was differentially affected by anoxia in males and females, tending to be impaired only in males...

BACKGROUND: Attempts to estimate the cost effectiveness of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatments in the past have relied on classifying ADHD patients as responders or non-responders to treatment. Responder status has been associated with a small gain in health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) [or utility, as measured using the generic QOL measure EQ-5D] of 0.06 (on a scale from 0 being dead to 1.0 being full health). OBJECTIVES: The goal of the present study was to develop and validate several ADHD-related health states, and to estimate utility values measured amongst the general public for those states and to re-estimate utility values associated with responder status...

This study examines the best predictor of lifetime recidivism among Hare's psychopathy scores (PCL-R), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, and brain dysfunction measures in a sample of 1,695 adult male sexual, violent, and nonviolent offenders. Results indicated that most variables were associated with significantly more frequent recidivism. The best predictor of overall recidivism was the PCL-R, but more specifically, it was its items on criminal history that were associated with recidivism...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of methylphenidate (MPH) to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in an understudied population of preschoolers with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) or intellectual disability (ID). METHODS: Fourteen preschoolers with developmental disorders (DD, n = 14; PDD, n = 12; ID, n = 2) underwent MPH titration in a single-blind manner followed by a 4-week double-blind crossover phase...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report preliminary data regarding effectiveness and tolerability of atomoxetine in 3- to 5-year-old preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Nine boys and 3 girls (mean age = 5.0 +/- 0.72 years) diagnosed with ADHD were treated with atomoxetine in an open-label pilot study. Atomoxetine was gradually titrated to a maximum dose of 1.8 mg/kg per day. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of time from baseline to end point on the parent-rated hyperactivity/impulsivity Swanson Nolan and Pelham (SNAP-IV-HI) subscale ratings (F[9, 11] = 6...

BACKGROUND: Although it is known that childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, childhood predictors of this persistence have not been widely studied. METHODS: Childhood history of ADHD and adult ADHD were assessed in 10 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Logistic regression analysis was used to study associations of retrospectively reported childhood risk factors with adult persistence among the 629 adult respondents with childhood ADHD...

OBJECTIVE: Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have detected smaller cerebellar volumes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than in comparison subjects. However, the regional specificity and longitudinal progression of these differences remain to be determined. The authors compared the volumes of each lobe of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis in children with ADHD and comparison subjects and used a new regional cerebellar volume measurement to characterize the developmental trajectory of these differences...

OBJECTIVES: An N-of-1 trial is a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial to objectively and systematically evaluate the individual's response. This approach seems extraordinarily suitable for assessing the efficacy of stimulants in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim is to examine the use of N-of-1 trials among youths in the Netherlands, the protocols used, and the continuation of stimulant treatment thereafter. METHODS: Physicians requesting N-of-1 trials with stimulants were interviewed about their rationale and protocol...

A sample of 778 male sex offenders, assessed from the 1960s to the 2000s, was examined on expressed desire for treatment, treatment attendance, and completion of at least one course of therapy. A variety of treatment approaches was used, reflecting practices of the times. Overall, 50.6% expressed a desire for treatment, 42.0% attended, and 13.6% completed therapy. Offenders' admitter status, criminal history, age, education, and marital status all played some role in desire for treatment, attendance, and completion...

The present review surveys a broad range of findings on the functions of the rodent prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the context of the known pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). An overview of clinical findings concludes that dysfunction of the right PFC plays a critical role in ADHD and that a number of early developmental factors conspire to increase the risk of the disorder. Rodent studies are described which go far in explaining how the core processes which are deficient in ADHD are mediated by the PFC and that the mesocortical dopamine (DA) system plays a central role in modulating these functions...

OBJECTIVE: To update the surgical management of injuries from dog bites of the scalp, face, and neck in children. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. METHODS: A retrospective review of 44 children with dog bites of the scalp, face, and neck was carried out at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (Albuquerque, NM) between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2000. Data on demographics, hospitalization, surgery, and outcome were collected and entered into an Access 2000 database...