retardation growth newborn mo

We studied glucose metabolic adaptations in the intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) rat offspring to decipher glucose homeostasis in metabolic programming. Glucose futile cycling (GFC), which is altered when there is imbalance between glucose production and utilization, was studied during a glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 2-day-old (n = 8), 2-mo-old (n = 22), and 15-mo-old (n = 22) female rat offspring. The IUGR rats exposed to either prenatal (CM/SP, n = 5 per age), postnatal (SM/CP, n = 6), or pre- and postnatal (SM/SP, n = 6) nutrient restriction were compared with age-matched controls (CM/CP, n = 5)...

UNLABELLED: GM(1) gangliosidosis is a rare disorder characterized by deficiency of the ss-galactosidase enzyme, with the resulting accumulation of glycolipids, oligosaccharides and especially GM(1) ganglioside. It can be classified into three clinical types according to the time of onset: infantile, juvenile and adult form. We report a case of GM(1) gangliosidosis presenting with fetal hydrops at 24 wk of gestation. The parents were consanguineous; the baby, born at 35 wk of gestation, was dysmorphic and presented severe generalized oedema...

To assess the influence of intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal development on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac reflexes, we studied 27 healthy small for gestational age (SGA) and 23 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants during a nap study. Resting HRV was assessed by point dispersion of Poincaré plots for overall (SDRR) and instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (SDDeltaRR) and the ratio (SDRR/SDDeltaRR). Heart rate reflex and arousal responses to a 60 degrees head-up tilt were determined...

BACKGROUND: Low birth weight is an important risk factor for hypertension and unfavorable prognoses of a number of renal diseases. It is also associated with reduced kidney size and nephron number. A differentiation between the effects of low birth weight versus being born premature or small for gestational age has, however, not been addressed. METHODS: The influence of weight for gestational age (percentage deviation from expected mean), gestational age, birth weight, and early diet on kidney growth was studied in 178 children born pre- or postmature and/or small or large for gestational age, comparing them to 717 mature children, birth weight appropriate for gestational age...

BACKGROUND: Linear growth retardation and wasting are common in children born to HIV-infected women. Inexpensive interventions that could improve the postnatal growth pattern of such children are needed. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effect of supplementing HIV-infected women with multivitamins or vitamin A and beta-carotene, during and after pregnancy, on the growth of their children during the first 2 y of life. DESIGN: We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial in 886 mother-infant pairs in Tanzania...

Alcohol is one of the most common noxious substance to which fetuses are exposed. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of in utero alcohol exposure on excitotoxin-induced neuronal migration disorders. Female hamsters received alcohol (7%) for 3-5 mo or for the last 9-12 d of gestation. Alcohol diet was continued for 5 d during lactation in both groups. Drinking behavior was monitored. Peak plasma alcohol levels were 104+/-12 mg/dL and 225+/-6 mg/dL after 30 min for hamsters receiving an intragastric dose of 3 mL or 5 mL alcohol, respectively...

The degree of nutrient enhancement during the newborn period may modulate programming of appetite-regulating hormones, body composition, and propensity to adult obesity in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) newborns. Pregnant rats received, from day 10 to term gestation and throughout lactation, ad libitum food (AdLib) or 50% food restriction (FR) to produce IUGR newborns. AdLib vs. FR offspring were studied at day 1, and, to create two distinct groups of newborn catch-up growth (immediate, delayed) among the IUGR newborns, cross-fostering techniques were employed...

AIM: Care based on the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) has been reported to exert a positive impact on the development of prematurely born infants. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of such care on the development at preschool age of children born with a gestational age of less than 32 wk. METHODS: All surviving infants in a randomised controlled trial with infants born at a postmenstrual age less than 32 wk (11 in the NIDCAP group and 15 in the control group) were examined at 66...

In the present study, we compared brain development and metabolism of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). We tested the hypothesis that intrauterine growth retardation caused by placental insufficiency is associated with changes in cerebral metabolism and is followed by an adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at the age of 2 y. Twenty-six AGA and 14 SGA (birth weight <P 2.3) preterm infants with no major ultrasound abnormalities were enrolled prospectively...

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. We have developed an IUGR model in the rat whereby the animals develop diabetes between 3 and 6 mo of age that is associated with insulin resistance. Alterations in hepatic glucose metabolism are known to contribute to the hyperglycemia of diabetes; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully explained. To address this issue, intact liver mitochondria were isolated from IUGR and control offspring at different ages to examine the nature and time course of possible defects in oxidative metabolism...

Asthma during pregnancy is associated with a low birth weight, although the mechanisms contributing to this outcome remain unknown. The relationship between maternal asthma and its treatment, placental function, fetal sex, and low birth weight was examined to establish the effect of asthma on fetal growth. Glucocorticoid intake by women with asthma was assessed throughout pregnancy. The placenta was collected after delivery, and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) activity was measured...

The knowledge about the long-term growth of very preterm children in relation to gestational age at birth is incomplete. Therefore, a retrospective study of longitudinal growth from birth to 7 y of age in 52 of 56 surviving children who were born at a gestational age of <29 wk between 1988 and 1991 to mothers resident in the city of Göteborg, Sweden, was performed. A majority of the children had an initial decrease in weight during the first months of life, followed by an increase, with a maximum weight gain occurring at 36-40 wk postmenstrual age...

UNLABELLED: This study tests the hypothesis that size at birth is associated with diarrhoeal incidence from birth to 24 mo of age, and the hypothesis that diarrhoeal incidence from birth to 24 mo is associated with body size at age 24 mo. This is a longitudinal study of 1476 infants born in Lahore. Pakistan, in 1984-1987. Diarrhoeal incidence was enumerated monthly. A generalized estimating equations approach with Poisson regression showed that birthlength standard deviation score (SDS) and ponderal index at birth (rate ratio = 1...

BACKGROUND: Recently, researchers have considered the fetal and infant origins of several adult cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but the implications of early events for immune function and infectious disease are unclear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between prenatal undernutrition and immunocompetence in adolescence and hypothesized that intrauterine growth retardation is associated with a lower likelihood of mounting an adequate antibody response later in life...

BACKGROUND: Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) term infants are at risk of long-term growth deficits. OBJECTIVE: The objectives were to test the hypothesis that postnatal growth in SGA term infants can be altered by dietary intervention and to examine whether there is a critical window for nutritional programming of the growth trajectory during the first 9 mo postnatally. DESIGN: Healthy term (gestation > or =37 wk) infants with birth weights below the 10th centile were randomly assigned to receive standard term formula (TF; n = 147) or nutrient-enriched formula (EF; n = 152) for the first 9 mo; 175 breast-fed SGA term infants formed a reference group...

IGFs and their binding proteins are important regulators of fetal development. We have previously reported that overexpression of the human IGF binding protein-1 in mice is associated with glomerulosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether, in that model, decreased bioavailability of IGFs also affected nephrogenesis. When the mothers expressed human IGF binding protein-1, pups were growth retarded and had a reduced number of nephrons. Even nontransgenic pups born to heterozygous mothers had a nephron reduction, indicating that renal hypoplasia was secondary to fetal growth retardation...

Postnatal growth from birth up to 7 y of age was evaluated in 151 children with varying degrees of intrauterine growth retardation who were previously examined in their intrauterine life with Doppler velocimetry of the thoracic descending aorta. The children with abnormal fetal aortic blood flow class (BFC), of which 39/46 (85%) had a birthweight > or = 2 SD below the mean of the population, were lean at birth and had a high rate of catch-up growth in weight and length during the first 3 and 6 mo, respectively...

According to Barker's hypothesis, children born small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The aim of our study was to determine whether retarded fetal growth is associated with dyslipidemia in childhood and, if so, to find predictive factors in the growth characteristics of SGA children. We studied the serum lipid concentrations of 55 SGA children and their 55 appropriate for gestational age control subjects at the age of 12 y. Growth variables were recorded at birth, 5 y, and 12 y of age...

BACKGROUND: Relations between size and maturity at birth and infant growth have been studied inadequately in Bangladesh, where the incidence of low birth weight is high and most infants are breast-fed. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to describe infant growth patterns and their relations to birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and prematurity. DESIGN: A total of 1654 infants born in selected low-socioeconomic areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh, were enrolled at birth...

N-linked oligosaccharides on human serum IgGs have been reported to modulate IgG function. We studied umbilical cord blood to determine whether neonatal IgGs have characteristic structures related to developmental and pathological status. Oligosaccharide patterns of serum IgG from 45 umbilical cord blood samples were characterized by HPLC, and compared with those of serum IgG from 11 normal adults. Oligosaccharyl amines from purified IgG were released by recombinant N-glycanase, labeled with fluorescence reagent FMOC (9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate), and analyzed quantitatively by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)...