Paracetamol

The pharmacokinetic profile of paracetamol in koalas is described when administered orally at 15 mg/kg; followed by the same dose, administered every 12 hours (hrs), repeated five times. After the initial oral administration, the median (range) maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), the time Cmax was reached (Tmax) and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 16.93 μg/mL (13.66 to 20.25 μg/mL); 4 hrs (4 to 8 hrs) and 5.54 hrs (4.66 to 7.67 hrs), respectively. When paracetamol was administered orally at 15 mg/mL every 12 hrs, the trough total plasma concentration range remained comparable to the therapeutic range in humans i...

Cocrystal screening and single-crystal growth remain the primary obstacles in the development of pharmaceutical cocrystals. Here, we present a new approach for cocrystal screening, microspacing in-air sublimation (MAS), to obtain new cocrystals and grow high-quality single crystals of cocrystals within tens of minutes. The method possesses the advantages of strong designable ability of devices, user-friendly control, and compatibility with materials, especially for the thermolabile molecules. A novel drug-drug cocrystal of favipiravir (FPV) with salicylamide (SAA) was first discovered by this method, which shows improved physiochemical properties...

BACKGROUND: There have been sharp increases in antidepressant and opioid prescriptions over the last 10 years, as well as increased over-the-counter medicine availability. However, the impact on childhood medicinal poisonings rates, particularly by socioeconomic deprivation is unclear. This study reports population level medicinal poisoning substance patterns in England among children aged 0-11 years, helping inform safety advice and poisoning prevention interventions. METHODS: An open cohort study of 1,489,620 0-11 year olds was conducted from 1998 to 2018, using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, to examine inpatient hospital admissions for poisoning...

BACKGROUND: Capacitively coupling electric fields (CCEF) is a method of non-invasive biophysical stimulation that enhances fracture repair and spinal fusion. This multicentre randomized controlled trial aimed to further examine the roles of CCEF in (1) the resolution of vertebral bone marrow oedema (VBME) using a follow-up MRI study and (2) pain relief, analgesic drug consumption and quality of life improvement in stimulated patients who were referred with acute vertebral fragility fractures (VFFs) compared to non-stimulated patients...

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of abdominal drain placement (vs. omission) on perioperative outcomes of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN), focusing on complications, time to canalization, deambulation, and pain management. A prospectively-maintained institutional database was queried to get data of patients who underwent RAPN for renal masses between January 2018 and May 2023 at our Institution. Baseline, surgical, and postoperative data were collected. Retrieved patients were stratified based upon placement of abdominal drain (Y/N)...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of low vs conventional dose intravenous paracetamol in early closure of haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus within 7 days of life. METHODS: Preterm infants (<32 weeks of gestation) having echocardiographic evidence of hsPDA were given low dose (15 mg/kg initially followed by 7.5 mg/kg every 6 hourly) vs conventional dose (15 mg/kg every 6 hourly) for 5-7 days. RESULTS: In total, 56 infants (28 in each group) were enrolled...

BACKGROUND: Dysmenorrhea is wide spread gynecological disorder among that affect the quality of life of women world wide. The current study aims to examine whether war displacement, mental health symptoms, and other clinical factors are associated with dysmenorrhea severity. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional case-control study recruiting two groups: displaced Syrian women and un-displaced local Jordanian women. Demographics and clinical details were recorded. The severity of dysmenorrhea was assessed using WaLIDD scale, the PHQ-9 scale was emplyed to assess depressive symptoms, anxiety was assessed using the GAD-7 scale, and insomnia was assessed using the ISI-A scale...

Current epidemiological data estimate that one in five people suffers from chronic pain with considerable impairment of health-related quality of life. The pharmacological treatment is based on first- and second-line analgesic drugs, including COX-2 selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs and opioids, that are characterized by important side effects. N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) is a body's own fatty-acid ethanolamide belonging to the family of autacoid local injury antagonist amides...

Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used over-the-counter medications. Experimental studies suggest a possible stress-suppressing effect of paracetamol in humans facing experimental stress-inducing paradigms. However, no study has investigated whether paracetamol and steroid hormones covary over longer time frames and under real-life conditions. This study addresses this gap by investigating associations between steroid hormones (cortisol, cortisone, and testosterone) and paracetamol concentrations measured in human hair, indexing a timeframe of approximately three months...

A multi-residue UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method, previously developed for monitoring 52 pharmaceuticals in drinking water, was used to analyse these pharmaceuticals in wastewater originating from healthcare facilities in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the methodology was expanded to include the evaluation of the effectiveness of drug removal in Czech wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Of the 18 wastewater samples analysed by the validated UHPLC-MS/MS, each sample contained at least one quantifiable analyte...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Anxiety plays a distressing role in cardiothoracic operations. It may trigger hemodynamic instability, increased morbidity, and very crucially, postoperative pain and analgesic use. Our aim is to look at the association between anxiety, postoperative pain, and analgesic use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two patients scheduled for cardiothoracic surgeries were asked questions according to the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS), the evening prior to the surgery...

This study describes a new method for the preparation of extemporaneous paracetamol-based suspensions for pediatric and adult patients. This method allows the preparation of extemporaneous suspensions up to concentrations of 50 mg/mL by using a liquid base, named "Puccini". A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of chemical stability of paracetamol when the formulations were stored at 4°C and 25°C. The chemical stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the base was demonstrated for more than 90 days...

Advanced nanotechniques and the corresponding complex nanostructures they produce represent some of the most powerful tools for developing novel drug delivery systems (DDSs). In this study, a side-by-side electrospraying process was developed for creating double-chamber nanoparticles in which Janus soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) patches were added to the sides of Eudragit RL100 (RL100) particles. Both sides were loaded with the poorly water-soluble drug paracetamol (PAR). Scanning electron microscope results demonstrated that the electrosprayed nanoparticles had an integrated Janus nanostructure...

Pharmacological pain therapy in cancer patients is based on guideline recommendations, which, however, do not fully coincide in all aspects due to varying weighting of evidence. The present article discusses current issues including the decreasing significance of the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder, with its distinction between step 2 and 3 being increasingly questioned. Risks of nonopioid analgesics such as paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly in older populations, are discussed...

BACKGROUND: Fever is a common cause of medical consultation and hospital admission, particularly among children. Recently, the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) updated its guidelines for assessing fever in children under five years of age. The efficient assessment and management of children with fever are crucial for improving patient outcomes. AIM: To evaluate fever assessment in hospitalized children and to assess its adherence with the NICE Fever in under 5s guideline...

Background  Perioperative management in autologous breast reconstruction has gained focus in recent years. This study compares two pain management protocols in patients undergoing abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction: a past protocol (PP) and a current protocol (CP)-both intended to reduce opioid consumption postoperatively. The PP entails use of a pain catheter in the abdominal wound and the CP consists of an intraoperative nerve block in addition to refinements in the oral pain management...

An important paradigm shift towards the circular economy is to prioritize waste prevention, reuse, recycling, and recovery before disposal is necessary. In this context, a sustainable protocol of converting waste pea peel (wPP) into low-cost carbon nanomaterials for sensing and conversion of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) into value-added paracetamol is being reported. Two fractions of the carbonaceous nanomaterials were obtained after the hydrothermal treatment (HT) of wPP, firstly an aqueous portion containing water-soluble carbon dots (wPP-CDs) and a solid residue, which was converted into carbonized biochar (wPP-BC)...

IMPORTANCE: Several studies suggest that acetaminophen (paracetamol) use during pregnancy may increase risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. If true, this would have substantial implications for management of pain and fever during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of acetaminophen use during pregnancy with children's risk of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disability. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This nationwide cohort study with sibling control analysis included a population-based sample of 2 480 797 children born in 1995 to 2019 in Sweden, with follow-up through December 31, 2021...

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis is the most common rheumatic disease characterized by pain, structural changes and impairment of quality of life. This disease has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, and the main role is attributed to mechanical factors. There is a primary and secondary form of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis diagnosis is carried out on the basis of history, clinical picture and radiological examinations. Osteoarthritis is a major cause of absenteeism for middle-aged people...

Total saikosaponins (TSS) form a group of chemically and biologically active components that can be extracted from Bupleurum, with reported antidepressive, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiendotoxin, antitumor, anti-pulmonary fibrosis and anti-gastric ulcer effects. Bupleurum or TSS is frequently utilized in clinical practice alongside other medications (such as entecavir, lamivudine, compound paracetamol and amantadine hydrochloride capsules), leading to an increased risk of drug-drug interactions. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family serves a critical role in the metabolism of numerous essential drugs (such as tamoxifen, ibuprofen and phenytoin), where the majority of drug interactions involve CYP-mediated metabolism...