Methenolone

In an aging society, addressing the risks and management of osteoporotic fractures is critical to reduce mortality. Similarly, the morbidity of chronic kidney disease and myelodysplastic syndrome increases with aging. The association between chronic kidney disease and fractures is well understood; however, recent reports have indicated an increased risk of incident osteoporosis in patients with prevalent myelodysplastic syndrome. In this case report, we present an older man with stage 4 chronic kidney disease complicated by myelodysplastic syndrome and progressive decline in bone mineral density...

The dried blood spot (DBS) is a novel alternative matrix used in 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and Paralympics. It is capable of distinguishing anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) esters without the gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) confirmation. In this study, a method for detection of 22 anabolic steroid esters in DBS based on ultra-high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was developed and validated. Methoxylamine was used as the derivatization reagent to improve the sensibility...

Exposure to xenobiotics can adversely affect biochemical reactions, including hepatic bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are essential for dissolving lipophilic compounds in the hydrophilic environment of the gastrointestinal tract. The critical micellar concentration of bile acids depends on the Δ4-reduction stereochemistry, with the 3-oxo-5β-steroid-Δ4-dehydrogenase (AKR1D1) introducing the cis ring A/B conformation. Loss-of-function mutations in AKR1D1 cause hepatic cholestasis, which, if left untreated can progress into steatosis and liver cirrhosis...

Bodybuilding is a sport where coaches commonly recommend a variety of nutrition and exercise protocols, supplements, and, sometimes, performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). The present study sought to gain an understanding of the common decisions and rationales employed by bodybuilding coaches. Focusing on coaches of the more muscular divisions in the National Physique Committee/IFBB Professional League federations (men's classic physique, men's bodybuilding, women's physique, women's bodybuilding) for both natural and enhanced athletes, coaches were recruited via word of mouth and social media, and 33 responded to an anonymous online survey...

In the present study, the application and evaluation of Girard Reagent T (GRT) derivatization for the simultaneous detection and significantly important identification of different phase II methenolone and mesterolone metabolites by LC-MS/(MS) are presented. For the LC-MS analysis of target analytes two complementary isolation methods were developed; a derivatization and shoot method in which native urine is diluted with derivatization reagent and is injected directly to LC-MS and a liquid liquid extraction method, using ethyl acetate at pH 4...

A 65-year-old man with nonsevere aplastic anemia received rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin and cyclosporine and partially responded. Six months after the initiation of treatment, he was diagnosed with stage IV angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and received chemotherapy. PET/CT scan analysis indicated a complete response. However, he showed sustained myelosuppression and was diagnosed with relapse of aplastic anemia. He did not respond to cyclosporine, eltrombopag or methenolone. Fifteen months after eltrombopag administration, he developed MDS with t(3;21)(q26...

Methenolone, an anabolic androgenic steroid, has been applied to improve the quality and protein content of meat in animal husbandry. However, the usage of methenolone in sports is banned for its doping effects. Several methods have been reported to monitor the content of methenolone in serum and urine samples, but a highly sensitive detection system has not been developed for the determination of methenolone in animal source food due to its constituent complexity. In this study, a novel detection system was developed to quantify the contents of both free and conjugated methenolone in animal source food including pork, beef, mutton, milk, and eggs by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) coupled with delicate pretreatment procedures...

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are testosterone derivatives developed for steroid-replacement and treatment of debilitating conditions. They are widely used by athletes in elite sports and bodybuilding due to their muscle-building and performance-enhancing properties. Excessive AAS use is associated with cardiovascular diseases, mood changes, endocrine and metabolic disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) aim to reduce adverse androgenic effects, while maximizing anabolic effects...

Several studies have highlighted that nutritional supplements may contain undeclared anabolic steroids that are banned by the International Olympic Committee/World Anti-Doping Agency. Any kind of abuse with these drugs is extremely dangerous because of their side effects. Thus, the control of food additives in order to protect the best consumer health and to limit fraudulent practices in the field of sports is essential. This paper describes a simple and effective qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): androsterone, nandrolene, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5ɑ-androstane-3β, 17β-diol, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, methenolone acetate, methandienone, boldenone and fluoxymesterone, in food supplements...

BACKGROUND: Turmeric is a rich source of bioactive compounds useful in both medicine and cuisine. Mineral concentrations effects (PO4 3- , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and KNO3 ) were tested during in vitro rhizome development on the ex vitro content of volatile constituents in rhizomes after 6 months in the greenhouse. A response surface method (D-optimal criteria) was repeated in both high and low-input fertilizer treatments. Control plants were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, acclimatized in the greenhouse and grown in the field...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two interventions on anabolic-androgenic-steroids (AAS) dispensation in retail pharmacies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in a north-western region of Spain. Data were the AAS supplied by wholesale drug distributors to retail pharmacies over a period of 102 months. It is designed as an ecological time-series study; the dependent variables were daily defined doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day of each drug. The two interventions evaluated were: (1) an inspection program intended for those retail pharmacies where there was an irregular dispensation and (2) a regulation put forth forcing these pharmacies to carry out additional registers...

INTRODUCTION: It has been argued in current studies that anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are misused by a great number of bodybuilders and athletes. However, there is diverse and often conflicting scientific data on the cardiac and metabolic complications caused by the misuse of AAS. There may be various reasons for myocardial infarction (MI) with normal coronary arteries. However, for the majority of patients, the exact cause is still unknown. CASE REPORT: A 32 year-old male who was complaining about severe chest pain was admitted to our emergency department...

Two fungal cultures Aspergillus niger and Cunninghamella blakesleeana were used for the biotransformation of methenolone enanthate (1). Biotransformation with A. niger led to the synthesis of three new (2-4), and three known (5-7) metabolites, while fermentation with C. blakesleeana yielded metabolite 6. Substrate 1 and the resulting metabolites were evaluated for their immunomodulatory activities. Substrate 1 was found to be inactive, while metabolites 2 and 3 showed a potent inhibition of ROS generation by whole blood (IC50=8...

Improvements in doping analysis can be effected by speeding up analysis time and extending the detection time. Therefore, direct detection of phase II conjugates of doping agents, especially anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), is proposed. Besides direct detection of conjugates with glucuronic acid, the analysis of sulfate conjugates, which are usually not part of the routine doping control analysis, can be of high interest. Sulfate conjugates of methandienone and methyltestosterone metabolites have already been identified as long-term metabolites...

Methenolone (17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-5α-androst-1-en-3-one) misuse in doping control is commonly detected by monitoring the parent molecule and its metabolite (1-methylene-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) excreted conjugated with glucuronic acid using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the parent molecule, after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the sulfate fraction of methenolone metabolism by LC-high resolution (HR)MS and the estimation of the long-term detectability of its sulfate metabolites analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMSMS) compared with the current practice for the detection of methenolone misuse used by the anti-doping laboratories...

A novel method for automated and sensitive analysis of testosterone, androstenedione, methyltestosterone and methenolone in urine samples by online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The optimization and validation of the method were discussed in detail. The Turboflow C18-P SPE column showed the best extraction efficiency for all the analytes. Nanogram per liter (ng/L) level of AAS could be determined directly and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Stretching of skeletal muscle induces expression of the genes which encode myogenic transcription factors or muscle contractile proteins and results in muscle growth. Anabolic steroids are reported to strengthen muscles. We have previously studied the effects of muscle stretching on gene expression. Here, we studied the effect of a combination of passive stretching and the administration of an anabolic steroid on mRNA expression of a muscle growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I autocrine variant, or mechano-growth factor (MGF)...

The aim of this study was the investigation of effects of the metenolone enanthate (ME) that is used among athletes as doping and muscle amplifier, on hearts of male and female rats that are in puberty using morphometrical methods. A total of 36 rats which were divided into three separate groups (Experiment, ME; vehicle, PO; control, C) each consisting of 6 male and 6 female rats were used. 0.5 mg/kg metenolone enanthate was applied intraperitoneally into experiment subjects 5 times a week over a period of 4 weeks...

We report a case of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) treated effectively with testosterone enanthate. A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with low-risk MDS in 1998, and he was first given methenolone acetate orally because of gradual progression of anemia and thrombocytopenia. However, this treatment was not effective, so we changed the treatment to testosterone enanthate because of his symptoms with late-onset hypogonadism. Three months after testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), anemia and thrombocytopenia had improved, and mean platelet count and hemoglobin had significant increases from 2...