CDTA

Herbaceous peony ( Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is an ancient ornamental crop and, in recent decades, an emerging popular cut flower. Straight stems are a vital criterion for cut herbaceous peony selection, while many cultivars bend as the plant develops. Pectin helps maintain the mechanical strength of the cell wall. However, little is known about its role in the stem bending of herbaceous peony. Two herbaceous peony cultivars with contrasting stem morphologies ('Dong Fang Shao Nv', upright; 'Lan Tian Piao Xiang', bending gradually) at five developmental stages were used as materials to investigate the effects of pectin content and nanostructure on straightness using the carbazole colorimetric method and atomic force microscopy observations...

This study aimed to investigate the effect of custard apple cell wall polysaccharides-disassembling on postharvest fruit softening and to explore its key metabolic pathways and gene expression. Custard apple fruit was stored at 15 ± 0.5 °C for 12 days, it was found that the decreased significantly in fruit firmness, contents of Na2 CO3 -soluble pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose, and the increased significantly in water-soluble pectin and CDTA-soluble pectin. The activities of cell wall-degrading relevant enzymes in fruit were improved significantly during storage, including cellulase, polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, neutral xylanase, β-galactosidase, and β-D-glucosidase...

OBJECTIVE: Considering the paucity of information about food-associated Clostridioides difficile from India, a study was undertaken to establish the prevalence of C. difficile in a variety of foods of animal origin, together with molecular strain characterization and antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: A total of 235 samples comprising raw meat and meat products, fish products, and milk and milk products were screened for C. difficile. Toxin genes and other parts of PaLoc were amplified in isolated strains...

This research was conducted to explore the influence of cold shock on the firmness, a quality marker in chili pepper during 0-21 d storage and determine mechanism by cold shock impacted pectin. Chili peppers were exposed to cold shock precooling (0 ± 2 °C water/ice mixture) for 0-, 30-, 90- and 150-min, respectively. Results showed that cold shock alleviated loss of firmness throughout storage. Firmness was positively associated with sodium carbonate-soluble pectin content (r = 0...

Polysaccharides including water-soluble fraction (W), 1,2-Cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA)-soluble fraction (CA), sodium carbonate (Na2 CO3 )-soluble fraction (SC), 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH)-soluble fractions (PH1), and 4 M KOH-soluble fraction (PH4) were successively extracted from Dendrocalamus brandisii bamboo shoot shells using water, CDTA, Na2 CO3 , and KOH solution. The analytical methods were employed to initially identify the structural characteristics of the five polysaccharide fractions, and their antioxidant capacities in vitro were determined...

Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive opportunistic human pathogen that causes 15,000 deaths annually in the United States, prompting a need for vaccine development. In addition to the important toxins TcdA and TcdB, binary toxin (CDT) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of certain C. difficile ribotypes by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of actin in host cells. However, the mechanisms of CDT neutralization by antibodies have not been studied, limiting our understanding of key epitopes for CDT antigen design...

BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection, in part due to the existence of binary toxin (CDT)-expressing hypervirulent strains. Although the effects of the CDT holotoxin on disease pathogenesis have been previously studied, we sought to investigate the role of the individual components of CDT during in vivo infection. METHODS: To determine the contribution of the separate components of CDT during infection, we developed strains of C difficile expressing either CDTa or CDTb individually...

Campylobacter spp. genera is one of the most common causes of microbial enteritis worldwide. The objective of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, virulence genes, and genetic variation of thermophilic Campylobacter species collected from chicken meat samples in Iran. A total of 255 meat specimens were taken and transferred to the laboratory. Culture methods were utilized to identify the Campylobacter genus, and PCR and sequencing were performed to confirm the organisms...

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The white button mushroom ( Agaricus ) is a significant nutritional and therapeutic species utilized in the human diet and could transmit various bacterial infections. Campylobacter species are the most common cause of foodborne illness across the world. The present study has been planned to determine the frequency of virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility test in Campylobacter spp. recovered from Agaricus mushroom. In this study, 740 Agaricus mushroom samples were gathered randomly from various markets from June 2020 to December 2020...

Clostridioides difficile ( C. difficile ) is the most common pathogen causing antibiotic-associated intestinal diseases in humans and some animal species, but it can also be present in various environments outside hospitals. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the presence and the characteristics of toxin-encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance of C. difficile isolates from different environmental sources. C. difficile was found in 32 out of 81 samples (39.50%) after selective enrichment of spore-forming bacteria and in 45 samples (55...

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by a range of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni . CDT represents an important virulence factor that is a heterotrimeric complex composed of CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC. CdtA and CdtC constitute regulatory subunits whilst CdtB acts as the catalytic subunit exhibiting phosphatase and DNase activities, resulting in cell cycle arrest and cell death. Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is an evolutionarily conserved process that is present throughout all kingdoms...

BACKGROUND: Comparative analysis of virulence factors (VFs) between Pasteurella canis and Pasteurella multocida are lacking, although both cause zoonotic infections. We determined the virulence-associated genome sequence characteristics of P. canis and assessed the toxin gene prevalence unique to P. canis among clinical isolates of P. canis and P. multocida . METHODS: We selected 10 P. canis and 16 P. multocida whole-genome sequences (WGSs) from the National Center for Biotechnology database...

The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) produced by many Gram-negative pathogens are tripartite genotoxins with a single catalytic subunit (CdtB) and two cell-binding subunits (CdtA + CdtC). CDT moves by vesicle carriers from the cell surface to the endosomes and through the Golgi apparatus en route to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). CdtA dissociates from the rest of the toxin before reaching the Golgi apparatus, and CdtB separates from CdtC in the ER. The free CdtB subunit, which is only active after holotoxin disassembly, then crosses the ER membrane and enters the nucleus where it generates DNA breaks...

The effects of postharvest applications of hot water (HWT) (45, 50, and 55°C), 1-MCP (1, 5, and 10 μL L-1 ), and CaCl2 (1, 2, and 3%) on polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), α -galactosidase ( α -Gal), β -galactosidase ( β -Gal) and β -1,4-glucanase ( β -1,4-Glu) activities, and the fruit firmness and cell wall composition of eggplant fruit were investigated. The results showed that the decrease in the eggplants firmness was delayed by HWT, 1-MCP, and CaCl2 treatments during storage compared with the control...

Campylobacteriosis, a foodborne illness, is one of the world's leading causes of gastrointestinal illness. This study investigates the link between human campylobacteriosis and the consumption of potentially contaminated food with Campylobacter jejuni. Three hundred sixty samples were collected from humans, chicken cloaca, raw chicken meat, unpasteurized milk, and vegetables. The chickens were obtained from licensed and non-licensed slaughterhouses, and only the necks and wings were studied. Samples were enriched under microaerobic conditions then cultured on the modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar...

Some bacteria express a binary toxin translocation system, consisting of an enzymatic subunit and translocation pore, that delivers enzymes into host cells through endocytosis. The most clinically important bacterium with such a system is Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium). The CDTa and CDTb proteins from its system represent important therapeutic targets. CDTb has been proposed to be a di-heptamer, but its physiological heptameric structure has not yet been reported. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of CDTa bound to the CDTb-pore, which reveals that CDTa binding induces partial unfolding and tilting of the first CDTa α-helix...

INTRODUCTION: Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis. Despite its public health importance, the virulence factors and mechanisms underlying C. jejuni pathogenesis remain poorly understood and the relationships between these genes and the sources of the strains are not clear. We aimed to determine the virulence profiles of C. jejuni isolated from poultry and human cases of Campylobacteriosis. METHODOLOGY: A total of 50 strains of C...

Background: Campylobacter species are the zoonotic bacteria and the most common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis around the world. The link between human campylobacteriosis and infected poultry consumption has been well established. Aims: In this study, we aimed to isolate Campylobacter spp. from chicken and characterize them with molecular methods. Methods: Totally, 241 chicken caecal mucosal scrapings were collected from five districts of Tamil Nadu...

Polygonatum odoratum is a perennial rhizomatous medicinal plant and different plant parts have been used in the treatment of various ailments. Herein, we have investigated the structural compositions of rhizome, leaf, and stem cell walls. We found 30-44% of polysaccharides in these wall preparations were cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) extractable, the proportion of heteromannans (HMs) in the rhizome is nearly three-fold compared to that of the leave and stem. The pectic polysaccharides of the rhizome are also structurally more diverse, with arabinans and type I and type II arabinogalactans being richest as shown by linkage study of the sodium carbonate (Na2 CO3 ) extract...