Middle distance running

Running is a basic form of human locomotion and one of the most popular sports worldwide. While the leg biomechanics of running have been studied extensively, few studies have focused on upper-body movement. However, an effective arm swing and longitudinal rotation of the shoulders play an important role in running efficiency as they must compensate for the longitudinal torques generated by the legs. The aim of this study is to assess the upper-body rotation using wearable inertial sensors and to elucidate its relation to energy expenditure...

With Norway's successes in middle and long-distance running, lactate-guided threshold training has regained importance in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the individual responses on common monitoring parameters based on a lactate-guided conventional training method. In total, 15 trained runners (10 males, 5 females; 18.6 ± 3.3 years; VO2max : 59.3 ± 5.9 mL kg-1 min-1 ) completed a 40-min continuous running session at a fixed lactate threshold load of 2 mmol L-1 ...

Anthropometric parameters are crucial prerequisite to achieve success in professional running sports. However, it is not clear how these parameters are relevant for athletes performing on a less demanding sport level as academic competitions. To help coaches and selectors working on this level, we have explored anthropometric variables and body composition in 68 academic athletes: 26 sprinters, 22 middle distance runners, and 20 long distance runners. Sprinters have a more massive body shape, shorter lower legs in relation to the length of the thigh, broader shoulders and narrower hips, greater musculature and cellular mass...

This study aims to analyse the evolution of match running performance in relation to the age distribution of professional soccer players using a large-scale analysis. An explorational-longitudinal and retrospective study was designed and a total of 36,883 individual match observations were collected on outfield players competing across four consecutive Spanish LaLiga seasons (from 2015/16 to 2018/19), using an optical tracking system (ChyronHego). Soccer players were divided into 3 age groups: young (18-24 years old), middle-aged (25-30 years old), and seniors (31-41 years old)...

Interval training is a simple concept that refers to repeated bouts of relatively hard work interspersed with recovery periods of easier work or rest. The method has been used by high-level athletes for over a century to improve performance in endurance-type sports and events such as middle- and long-distance running. The concept of interval training to improve health, including in a rehabilitative context or when practiced by individuals who are relatively inactive or deconditioned, has also been advanced for decades...

Footstrike pattern has received increased attention within the running community because there is a common belief that forefoot strike running (FFS) is more advantageous (i.e., improve performance and reduce running injuries) than rearfoot strike running (RFS) in distance running. Literature reports suggest greater knee joint flexion magnitude and initial knee angle during stance in FFS compared with RFS running We examined the EMG activation of the triceps surae muscles during an acute transition from RFS to FFS strike...

PURPOSE: Although caffeine is known to possess ergogenic effects, previous studies demonstrated no effect of caffeine on 800-m run performance outdoors which might be due to several uncontrolled factors including pacing strategies. We hypothesized that caffeine ingestion improves a pace-controlled simulated 800-m run performance. We also hypothesized that exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) occurs during the simulated 800-m run, and this response is mitigated by caffeine-induced increases in exercise ventilation...

The study aimed to test the significance of sports participation as a potential means of improving cognitive function, particularly cognitive flexibility. Based on the characteristics of orienteering, such as frequent changes of behavioural strategies in response to changes in the situation or the simultaneous performance of several mental activities, we assumed that practising this sport could foster the development of cognitive flexibility. Two groups of volunteers were compared: 50 middle and long-distance runners and 50 orienteering runners in terms of their performance on the following measures of cognitive flexibility: a divergent thinking task, a computer flexibility task, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, and Verbal Fluency Test as a measure of executive function...

Background The purpose of the study was to provide a practical landmark for localizing the dorsal branch of the ulnar artery and nerve, to approach for microsurgical flaps, for harvesting nerve grafts and also to avoid these nerves during insertion of wrist arthroscopy portals. Material and methods Forty adult cadaveric upper limbs (20 right and 20 left) were dissected for localizing the dorsal branches of the ulnar artery and nerve. The ramification patterns of the nerve were mapped. The wrist arthroscopy portals are located radial and ulnar to the tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris at the level of the wrist joint, and their designated names are '6R & 6U', respectively...

BACKGROUND: Turkish Super League teams need more information about the external load. Considering the specific country and the coaches' philosophies, the purpose of this study was to compare the external match load of a Turkish Super League team considering the different playing positions and in-season periods. METHODOLOGY: A longitudinal study design was employed by observing 29 official matches of the same team. A total of fifteen players, consisting of five defenders, five midfielders, and five forwards, were analyzed using the Sentio Sports Optical Tracking System...

PURPOSE: Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester, with and without co-ingestion of carbohydrate, was investigated for effects on running economy (RE), time to exhaustion (TTE), and other related indices of endurance running performance. METHODS: Using a three condition, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design, eleven male middle- and long- distance runners ran at five submaximal speeds (10 to 14 km.h-1) on a motorized treadmill for 8 min each, immediately followed by a ramp test to volitional exhaustion...

INTRODUCTION: Dynamics-on-graph concepts and generalized finite-length Fibonacci sequences have been used to characterize, from a temporal point of view, both human walking & running at a comfortable speed and front-crawl & butterfly swimming strokes at a middle/long distance pace. Such sequences, in which the golden ratio plays a crucial role to describe self-similar patterns, have been found to be subtly experimentally exhibited by healthy (but not pathological) walking subjects and elite swimmers, in terms of durations of gait/stroke-subphases with a clear physical meaning...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if specific morphological changes in ultrasonographic images of Achilles tendons are associated with the development of pain in distance runners. METHODS: This study is a blinded, retrospective analysis of 276 Achilles tendon ultrasound images, which were used to determine if specific morphologic findings could positively or negatively predict future Achilles tendon pain development in distance runners. Pre-race ultrasound scans were performed on 138 asymptomatic half- and full marathon runners (276 tendons in total) who were followed for 12 months after their races...

BACKGROUND: The anconeus is a small muscle located on the posterior elbow originating on the lateral epicondyle and inserting onto the proximal-lateral ulna that functions as an elbow extensor as well as dynamic stabilizer. The blood supply is tri-fold: medial/middle collateral artery (MCA), recurrent posterior interosseous artery (RPIA), and less commonly found, the posterior branch of the radial collateral artery. The anconeus has become a popular option for local soft tissue coverage about the elbow (distal triceps, olecranon, proximal forearm)...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Mediterranean diet is an environmentally friendly and healthy diet model. The diet offers many vegetables, fruits, nuts, and olive oil to consumers. In addition, it provides moderate amounts of fish and chicken, smaller quantities of dairy products, red meat, and processed meat. The Mediterranean diet has a high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant content, and it causes many physiological changes that can provide a physical performance advantage. This study examined the effects of a 15-day menu, which was planned using foods with a low acid load within the Mediterranean diet rules, on the exercise performance, lactate elimination, anthropometric measurements, and body composition...

The aim of our study was to verify whether running a marathon (32nd Wroclaw Marathon) was associated with changes in sclerostin and intact PTH (iPTH) concentration in middle-aged males. We enrolled 33 males who completed the marathon race. Blood samples were taken 60 minutes before (V1), immediately after (V2), and 7 days after the run (V3). The mean serum sclerostin concentration was 42.4 ± 10.8 pmol/L at V1, increased to 62.9 ± 12.6 pmol/L at V2 ( t = -11...

Oncogenic super-enhancers (SEs) generate noncoding enhancer/SE RNAs (eRNAs/seRNAs) that exert a critical function in malignancy through powerful regulation of target gene expression. Herein, we show that a JUN-mediated seRNA can form R-loop to regulate target genes to promote metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A combination of global run-on sequencing, chromatin-immunoprecipitation sequencing, and RNA sequencing was used to screen seRNAs. A specific seRNA associated with NPC metastasis (seRNA-NPCM) was identified as a transcriptional regulator for N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)...

To examine the effect of 10-week interval training (IT) at varying intensities on serum muscle damage indicators and antioxidant capacity and determine its effect on the 800-m records of adolescent middle-distance runners. Twenty male high-school middle-distance runners were randomized between the high-intensity IT (HIIT; n=10) and the medium-intensity IT (MIIT; n=10) groups. Three sessions/week for 10 weeks (total of 30 sessions) were performed; one session of IT was for 60 min. The high and medium exercise intensities were set at 90%-95% and 60%-70% heart rate reserve (HRR), respectively...

Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in running have been widely investigated in relation to fatigue, injury, and other factors. However, no studies have examined the relationship of stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations with lactate threshold (LT), a well-known performance indicator for distance runners that represents the threshold at which fast-twitch muscle fibers are activated and the glycolytic system is hyperactivated. In this study, we examined a relationship between LT and stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in trained middle- and long-distance runners (n = 33)...

BACKGROUND: Athletes who are well prepared for the physical demands of competition are less susceptible to injury. Defining and then preparing athletes for these in-game demands is critical to athlete health and performance. The injury burden within Major League Baseball (MLB) is significant and differs by position. Despite its importance, the workload demands have not been described for position players in MLB. HYPOTHESIS: That running demands would be significantly higher for outfielders, followed by infielders, and catchers, respectively, while batting and baserunning metrics would be similar across positions...