Laxmaiah Manchikanti, Adam M Kaye, Nebojsa Nick Knezevic, Heath McAnally, Konstantin Slavin, Andrea M Trescot, Susan Blank, Vidyasagar Pampati, Salahadin Abdi, Jay S Grider, Alan D Kaye, Kavita N Manchikanti, Harold Cordner, Christopher G Gharibo, Michael E Harned, Sheri L Albers, Sairam Atluri, Steve M Aydin, Sanjay Bakshi, Robert L Barkin, Ramsin M Benyamin, Mark V Boswell, Ricardo M Buenaventura, Aaron K Calodney, David L Cedeno, Sukdeb Datta, Timothy R Deer, Bert Fellows, Vincent Galan, Vahid Grami, Hans Hansen, Standiford Helm Ii, Rafael Justiz, Dhanalakshmi Koyyalagunta, Yogesh Malla, Annu Navani, Kent H Nouri, Ramarao Pasupuleti, Nalini Sehgal, Sanford M Silverman, Thomas T Simopoulos, Vijay Singh, Daneshvari R Solanki, Peter S Staats, Ricardo Vallejo, Bradley W Wargo, Arthur Watanabe, Joshua A Hirsch
BACKGROUND: Opioid use, abuse, and adverse consequences, including death, have escalated at an alarming rate since the 1990s. In an attempt to control opioid abuse, numerous regulations and guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing have been developed by various organizations. However, the US opioid epidemic is continuing and drug dose deaths tripled during 1999 to 2015. Recent data show a continuing increase in deaths due to natural and semisynthetic opioids, a decline in methadone deaths, and an explosive increase in the rates of deaths involving other opioids, specifically heroin and illicit synthetic fentanyl...
February 2017: Pain Physician