WSSV

Plastics in the ocean create the "plastisphere", a diverse habitat hosting various life forms. Other than the pollution induced by plastics, the co-occurrence of primary producers, symbiotic organisms, decomposers, and pathogens within the plastisphere raises questions about how they influence the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Here, we used a shotgun DNA-sequencing approach to describe the species thriving on floating plastics collected in two Mediterranean sites. Our findings revealed many species of bacteria, eukaryotes, viruses, and archaea on each plastic...

The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a causative agent of white spot disease (WSD) in crustaceans, especially in cultivated black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ), leading to significant economic losses in the aquaculture sector. The present study describes four whole genome sequences of WSSV obtained from coastal regions of Bangladesh.

The lacking of stable and susceptible cell lines has hampered research on pathogenic mechanism of crustacean white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). To look for the suitable cell line which can sustain WSSV infection, we performed the studies on WSSV infection in the Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells. In consistent with our previous study in vitro in crayfish hematopoietic tissue cells, the WSSV envelope was detached from nucleocapsid around 2 hpi in Sf9 cells, which was accompanied with the cytoplasmic transport of nucleocapsid toward the cell nucleus within 3 hpi...

Prohibitins (PHBs) are ubiquitously expressed conserved proteins in eukaryotes that are associated with apoptosis, cancer formation, aging, stress responses and cell proliferation. However, the function of the PHBs in immune regulation has largely not been determined. In the present study, we identified PHB2 in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. PHB2 was found to be widely distributed in several tissues, and its expression was significantly upregulated by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge...

BACKGROUND: Application of a virus-like particle (VLP) as a nanocontainer to encapsulate double stranded (ds)RNA to control viral infection in shrimp aquaculture has been extensively reported. In this study, we aimed at improving VLP's encapsulation efficiency which should lead to a superior fighting weapon with disastrous viruses. RESULTS: We constructed 2 variants of chimeric Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV)-like particles (V1- and V2-MrN-VLPs) and tested their efficiency to encapsulate VP37 double stranded RNA as well as WSSV protection in P...

As the most important cultural crustacean species worldwide, studies about Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) have received more attention. It has been well-documented that various pathogens could infect L. vannamei, resulting in huge economic losses. The studies about the responding mechanism of L. vannamei to sole pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot virus (WSSV) have been extensively reported, while the studies about the differently responding mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we identified the differently expressed genes (DEGs) of L...

This study explored the effects of dietary protein levels on Litopenaeus vannamei with its intestinal microbiota and transcriptome responses. Previous studies on the effects of dietary protein levels on L. vannamei have focused on growth performance, antioxidant indices, and digestive enzyme activity, but few studies have been conducted at the microbiological and molecular levels. In this study, five isolipid experimental diets with protein levels of 32% (P32), 36% (P36), 40% (P40), 44% (P44), and 48% (P48) were used in an L...

White Spot Disease is one of the most harmful diseases of the red tail shrimp, which can cause devastating economic losses due to the highest mortality up to 100% within a few days. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are large class of small noncoding RNAs with the ability to post-transcriptionally repress the translation of target mRNAs. MiRNAs are considered to have a significant role in the innate immune response of crustaceans, particularly in relation to antiviral defense mechanisms. Numerous crustacean miRNAs have been verified to be required in host immune defense against viral infection, however, till present, the miRNAs functions of F...

Shrimp hemocytes are the vital immune cells participating in innate immune response to defend against viruses. However, the lack of specific molecular markers for shrimp hemocyte hindered the insightful understanding of their functional clusters and differential roles in combating microbial infections. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to map the transcriptomic landscape of hemocytes from the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-infected Litopenaeus vannamei and conjointly analyzed with our previous published single-cell RNA sequencing technology data from the healthy hemocytes...

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can specifically inhibit gene expression by RNA interference and has important application potential in animal disease control. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most harmful pathogens in shrimp aquaculture, causing huge economic losses every year. In this study, we investigated the function of the WSSV-encoded wsv108 protein. We demonstrated that wsv108 could promote apoptosis by interacting with heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and enhancing the expression of multiple apoptosis-related genes...

Heparins are a family of sulfated linear negatively charged polysaccharides that have been widely used for their anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Additionally, it has been used for acute cerebral infarction relief as well as other pharmacological actions. However, heparins self-aggregated macrocomplex may reduce blood circulation time and induce life-threatening thrombocytopenia (HIT) complicating the use of heparins. Nonetheless, the conjugation of heparin to immuno-stealth biomolecules may overcome these obstacles...

The major dangerous viral infection for cultivated shrimps is WSSV. The virus is extremely dangerous, spreads swiftly, and may result in up to 100% mortality in 3-10 days. The vast wrapped double stranded DNA virus known as WSSV describes a member of the Nimaviridae viral family's species Whispovirus. It impacts a variety of crustacean hosts but predominantly marine shrimp species that are raised for commercial purposes. The entire age groups are affected by the virus, which leads to widespread mortality...

Diseases pose a significant and pressing concern for the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector, particularly as their impact continues to grow due to climatic shifts such as rising water temperatures. While various approaches, ranging from biosecurity measures to vaccines, have been devised to combat infectious diseases, their efficacy is disease and species specific and contingent upon a multitude of factors. The fields of genetics and genomics offer effective tools to control and prevent disease outbreaks in aquatic animal species...

Cathepsin C is a cysteine protease widely found in invertebrates and vertebrates, and has the important physiological role participating in proteolysis in vivo and activating various functional proteases in immune/inflammatory cells in the animals. In order to study the role of cathepsin C in the disease resistance of shrimp, we cloned cathepsin C gene (MjcathC) from Marsupenaeus japonicus, analyzed its expression patterns in various tissues, performed MjcathC-knockdown, and finally challenged experimental shrimps with Vibrio alginolyticus and WSSV...

The objective of this study was to define desired genetic gains from economically important traits of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using participatory approaches. Two questionnaires were sent out to 100 Pacific white shrimp farmers in all five Iranian shrimp farming provinces. Questionnaire A (Q-A) includes management factors and farming environments. Moreover, in this questionnaire, farmers were asked to rank the fourth most important traits in shrimp among 10 economic traits in the list for genetic improvement...

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the largest animal DNA viruses in terms of its genome size and has caused huge economic losses in the farming of crustaceans such as shrimp and crayfish. Detailed knowledge of WSSV-host interactions is still lacking, particularly regarding viral escape from host immune clearance. Intriguingly, we found that the presence of WSSV-VP26 might inhibit the autophagic degradation of WSSV in vivo in the crustacean species red claw crayfish. Importantly, this study is the first to show that viral protein VP26 functions as a core factor to benefit WSSV escape by disrupting the assembly of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, which is necessary for the proposed fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes for subsequent degradation...

White spot disease, caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), has historically been the most devastating disease in shrimp aquaculture industry across the world. The mode of virus transmission is the most crucial stage in the dynamics and management of virus infection. This study explored the mechanism of vertical transmission of WSSV in Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, potential native species for domestication and genetic improvement, using quantitative real time PCR (q RT PCR), light and electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization technique...

In biological evolution, gene duplication (GD) generates new genes to facilitate new functions. C-type lectins (CTLs) in crayfish have been extended by GD to expand their family members. In this study, four CTL genes generated by GD were identified from Procambarus clarkii (PcLec1-4). Among these four genes, PcLec1 can also generate new isoforms with different numbers of tandem repeats through DNA slip mispairing. PcLec1-4 was widely expressed in multiple tissues. The expression levels of PcLec1-4 were upregulated in the intestine of P...

Apoptosis Inhibitor 5 (API5) is a widely concerned nuclear protein with diverse functions in organisms, so far, study of API5 is still quite limited in lower animals, and its role in viral immune response has not been addressed. Here, we explored the function of API5 in mud crab ( Scylla paramamosain ) during White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection. The interacting protein Hsp20 of API5 was screened by pull-down assay, and API5 and hsp20 were knocked down by RNAi interference. The results showed that API5 was upregulated along with virus infection, silencing of API5 led to increased WSSV copy numbers and apoptotic rate of hemocytes, highlighting its significance in the immune response...

In WSSV pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms and the key host factors that regulate the viral replication and morphogenesis remain unclear. However, like most viruses, WSSV is known to induce metabolic reprogramming in several metabolic pathways including the host glutamine metabolism, and several recent reports have suggested that the sirtuins SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5, which belong to a family of NAD + -dependent deacetylases, play an important role in this regulation. Here we focus on characterizing LvSIRT4 from Litopenaeus vannamei and investigate its role in regulating glutamine dehydrogenase (GDH), an important enzyme that promotes glutaminolysis and viral replication...