Segmental anatomy

Because of their photosynthetic capacity, leaves function as solar panels providing the basis for the growth of the entire plant. Although the molecular mechanisms of leaf development have been well studied in model dicot and monocot species, a lot of information is still needed about the interplay of the genes that regulate cell division and differentiation and thereby affect the photosynthetic performance of the leaf. We were specifically interested in understanding the differentiation of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in Arabidopsis thaliana and aimed to identify genes that are involved in determining bundle sheath anatomy...

Although studies of the sacral corridor dimension have been reported in the European population, little attention has been paid to this issue in the Asian population. The purpose of the study is to estimate the safe dimension of the corridor to avoid neurovascular damage during the fixation of the sacral fracture. The study aimed to examine the cephalocaudal (vertical) and the anteroposterior diameter of the bony passage in the upper three sacral segments. The study further examines the effect of age and sex on corridor dimensions at different sacral levels...

<b/>The intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery located inside the skeleton structure of skull base or inside the skull has clear anatomical landmarks and fixed anatomical structure. However, the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery located outside the cranial is surrounded by soft tissues, lacks clear and recognizable anatomical landmarks and sometimes has anatomical variation, which is closely related to transnasal endoscopic surgery. Intraoperative accidental injury can lead to serious complications or even death...

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is a contrast-enhanced X-ray acquired during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. IOC images the biliary tree whereby filling defects, anatomical anomalies and duct injuries can be identified. In Australia, IOC are performed in over 81% of cholecystectomies compared with 20 to 30% internationally (Welfare AIoHa in Australian Atlas of Healthcare Variation, 2017). In this study, we aim to train artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to interpret anatomy and recognise abnormalities in IOC images...

Kinematic tracking of native anatomy from stereo-radiography provides a quantitative basis for evaluating human movement. Conventional tracking procedures require significant manual effort and call for acquisition and annotation of subject-specific volumetric medical images. The current work introduces a framework for fully automatic tracking of native knee anatomy from dynamic stereo-radiography which forgoes reliance on volumetric scans. The method consists of three computational steps. First, captured radiographs are annotated with segmentation maps and anatomic landmarks using a convolutional neural network...

Left-sided gallbladder positioning, or sinistroposition, is a rare anatomical variation that poses challenges during surgical intervention due to associated vascular and biliary anomalies. While existing literature suggests an incidence of approximately 0.04-1.1%, it remains an underreported phenomenon that falls well outside the realm of "expected" anatomical variation and are rarely identified on preoperative imaging. Here, we present a case of acute cholecystitis in a patient with unexpected left-sided gallbladder, highlighting the associated challenges and outlining both preoperative and intraoperative strategies for managing this rare but consequential anatomical variant...

TA2Viewer is an open-access, web-based application and database for browsing anatomical terms and associated medical information on a computer or mobile device (https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/). It incorporates the official digital version of the second edition of Terminologia Anatomica (TA2) as published by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT), and adopted by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and other associations. It provides a dynamic and interactive view of the Latin and English nomenclatures...

INTRODUCTION: Humeral implant designs for anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) focus on anatomic reconstruction of the articular segment. Likewise, the pathoanatomy of advanced glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA) often results in humeral head deformity. We hypothesized the anatomic reconstruction of the humeral head in aTSA risks overstuffing the glenohumeral joint. METHODS: 97 cases (52 females) of primary GHOA in patients treated with aTSA were evaluated...

OBJECTIVE: Signal enhancement of vascular walls on vessel wall MRI might be a biomarker for inflammation. It has been theorized that contrast enhancement on vessel wall imaging (VWI) in draining veins of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may be associated with disease progression and development of venous stenosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vessel wall enhancement and hemodynamic stressors along AVM draining veins. METHODS: Eight AVM patients with 15 draining veins visualized on VWI were included...

BACKGROUND: Dissatisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) ranges from 15 to 30%. While patient selection may be partially responsible, morphological and reconstructive challenges may be determinants. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans for TKA planning allow us to evaluate the hip-knee-ankle axis and establish a baseline phenotypic distribution across anatomic parameters. The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to establish the distributions of 27 parameters in a pre-TKA cohort and perform threshold analysis to identify anatomic outliers...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several factors contribute to the anatomical complexity of the trochlear nerve including small diameter, complex and longest intracranial course, deep location, and numerous neurovascular relationships. 3-D photorealistic model of cranial nerves provides detailed and immersive representation of the anatomy, enabling to improve surgical planning, advanced surgical research and training. The purpose of this paper is to present a 3-dimentional photogrammetric study for a more intuitive and interactive way to explore and describe the entire course of trochlear nerve...

BACKGROUND: Capturing the segmentation of blood vessels by a fundus camera is crucial for the medical evaluation of various retinal vascular issues. However, due to the complicated vascular structure and unclear clinical criteria, the precise segmentation of blood arteries remains very challenging. METHODS: To address this issue, we developed the upgraded multi-convolution block and squeeze and excitation based on the U-shape network (MCSE-U-net) model that segments retinal vessels using a U-shaped network...

INTRODUCTION: Several medical devices (MDs) are used to assist surgeons in positioning the upper dental arch (UDA) during Le Fort I osteotomies (LFIOs). Some only allow holding, others only positioning. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of a new MD (PirifixTM ) coupling these two functions during LFIO on 3D-printed models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DICOM data were selected from patients who underwent surgical planning for LFIO between 27 July 2020 and 1 December 2022...

Radiotherapy, a crucial technique in cancer therapy, has traditionally relied on the premise of largely unchanging patient anatomy during the treatment course and encompassing uncertainties by target margins. This review introduces adaptive radiotherapy (ART), a notable innovation that addresses anatomy changes and optimizes the therapeutic ratio. ART utilizes advanced imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, and PET to modify the treatment plan based on observed anatomical changes and even biological changes during the course of treatment...

"Calling behaviour" is a stereotyped rhythmic motor pattern displayed by female moths, by which they emit the sex pheromone to attract of conspecific males. Calling occurs through a squeezing mechanism based on the turtleneck-like folding and unfolding of the ovipositor cuticle during its telescopic extensions and retractions. This mechanism is under the control of the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG). By combining anatomical and electrophysiological approaches, here we studied the morpho-functional organisation of the abdominal muscles and the activity of motoneurons from TAG nerve N4-N6 as correlated to the ovipositor movements during calling in the female spongy moth Lymantria dispar ...

PURPOSE: Endovascular repair of chronic post-dissection thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms (PD-TAAA) presents specific technical challenges due to the presence of chronic septum. Small true lumen diameter and false lumen visceral vessel origin can make branched endograft prohibitive. Septotomy may allow to overcome these challenges in cases of high complex anatomy. TECHNIQUE: We describe the application of electrocautery septotomy to the visceral aorta segment to deploy an off-the-shelf branched endograft in a chronic PD-TAAA rupture with true lumen collapse...

BACKGROUND: Michel Salmon was a prominent person in the field of plastic surgery during the early 20th century. His pioneering work contributed significantly to our understanding of human anatomy, particularly with the identification of the Artery of Salmon. The objective of this study is to thoroughly investigate the AOS by conducting a comprehensive literature review, providing insights into its anatomy and surgical implications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This review was undertaken after a thorough examination of literature encompassing papers about the AOS...

BACKGROUND: Vascularized gastroepiploic lymph node transfer (VGLNT) is a well-accepted surgical treatment for restoring physiological function in chronic lymphedema. However, the inclusion of substantial lymph nodes (LNs) in the flap remains uncertain. This study aimed to identify the anatomical basis for reliable flap harvest for VGLNT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The anatomy of perigastric station 4d LNs was studied in healthy cadavers (n = 15) and patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) (n = 27)...

PURPOSE: The endoscopic trans-eustachian approach (ETETA) is a less invasive approach to the infratemporal fossa (ITF), providing superior exposure compared to traditional transcranial approaches. The anatomy of the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube and adjacent neurovascular structures is complex and requires in-depth knowledge to safely perform this approach. We present a cadaveric and radiological assessment of critical anatomic considerations for ETETA. METHODS: Six adult cadaveric heads were dissected alongside examination of 50 paranasal sinus CT scans...

PURPOSE: To describe a case of posterior cerebral artery (PCA)-accessory PCA (hyperplastic anterior choroidal artery) anastomosis detected on magnetic resonance angiography. METHODS: A 76-year-old man with a history of cerebral infarction underwent cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR angiography of the intracranial region for the evaluation of brain and vascular lesions. The MR machine was a 3-Tesla scanner. MR angiography was performed using a standard three-dimensional time-of-flight technique...