behavioral reserve

BACKGROUND: The difficulty is remained to accurately distinguish bipolar disorder (BD) from major depressive disorder (MDD) in early stage, with a delayed diagnosis for 5-10 years. BD patients are often treated with antidepressants systematically due to being diagnosed with MDD, affecting the disease course and clinical outcomes. The current study aims to explore the role of plasma exosomes as biomarker to distinguish BD from MDD in early stage. METHODS: Two stages are included...

As an empirical tool in materials science and engineering, the iconic phase diagram owes its robustness and practicality to the topological characteristics rooted in the celebrated Gibbs phase law (F = C - P + 2). When crossing the phase diagram boundary, the structure transition occurs abruptly, bringing about an instantaneous change in physical properties and limited controllability on the boundaries (F = 1). Here, we expand the sharp phase boundary to an amorphous transition region (F = 2) by partially disrupting the long-range translational symmetry, leading to a sequential crystalline-amorphous-crystalline (CAC) transition in a pressurized In2 Te5 single crystal...

The disturbance of infrastructures may affect biological communities that are exposed to them. This study assesses the impact of high-speed (highway and railway) infrastructures in a protected study site, the Natural Reserve Fontanili di Corte Valle Re (Emilia-Romagna, Italy). We compared bird diversity with sound intensity and frequency in three sampling areas, increasingly distant from the infrastructures at the border with the reserve, during the last 4 years (2019-2022), monitoring sedentary, nesting, and migratory bird species...

The dynamic mechanical strength of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to play important role in determining the cell behavior. Growing evidences suggest that the gradual stiffening process of the matrix is particularly decisive during tissue development and wound healing. Herein, we provide a novel strategy to prepare hydrogels with gradually enhanced mechanical strength. Such hydrogels could maintain the dynamic properties at their initial states, such as self-healing and shear-thinning properties...

The utilization of polymer conformations to construct a variety of superlattices is a common method within the field. However, this technique often results in only long-range ordering rather than the formation of distinct superlattices. In our study, we successfully obtained a well-organized array of discrete pancake-shaped superlattices (DPSs) through the utilization of air-liquid interface self-assembly, facilitated by the confined environment created by a block copolymer. It is crucial to note that both the self-assembly behavior and resulting morphologies of the DPSs can be precisely tuned by adjusting several experimental parameters, most notably the concentration and molecular architecture of the block copolymers...

Individuals living with psychosis are often underserved in the United States, partly due to the dearth of providers trained in evidence-based practices for this population. One such practice is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for psychosis, which the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has identified as a standard of care for this population. The explosion of telehealth, in large part due to the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to increased opportunities for virtual psychotherapy. Telehealth offers a number of benefits, such as the ability to address service inequities, including lack of access to a local provider well-trained in the modality of therapy needed...

Expressions of gratitude by leaders tend to yield positive effects in the workplace. Leaders, however, are not solely bestowers of gratitude but also recipients of it. Although leaders are often studied for their influence on others in the workplace, it is crucial to acknowledge that they are also complete individuals with personal lives outside of work that can spill over and affect their feelings and leadership behaviors at work. To advance research on leadership and gratitude, we take a whole-person view of leaders to understand the interpersonal crossover and intrapersonal spillover of gratitude...

We advance the trait approach to leadership by leveraging a large multinational database on leader emergence ( k = 120 samples, N = 32,579) and leader effectiveness ( k = 116, N = 42,487) to extend Judge et al.'s (2002) classic meta-analysis of Big Five personality and leadership. By testing novel hypotheses rooted in culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory and socioanalytic theory, we offer three unique insights. First, in collectivist societies (cultures that value interdependence with one's group), the five factor model traits-and leader Extraversion and Agreeableness in particular-are stronger predictors of leader effectiveness, consistent with the theorized need for enhanced social coordination in such cultures...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of Cogmed Working Memory Training (Cogmed) in improving working memory (WM) and decision making (DM) in childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI), and any associated increases in functional outcomes such as academic achievement in mathematics, behavior, social skills, and quality of life. METHOD: A randomized controlled trial of the Cogmed (RM version) intervention for children with TBI. A total of 69 children post-TBI were screened for WM impairments, of which 31 eligible participants ( M age : 10...

OBJECTIVE: Most individuals attending detoxification clinics do not pursue subsequent treatment. Earlier research has suggested that emerging technologies like mHealth interventions could address the postdetoxification treatment gap, yet it remains unclear whether patients themselves endorse such approaches. Our study aimed to qualitatively explore perceived treatment barriers and assessed potential of mHealth among individuals who have undergone alcohol detoxification. METHOD: We conducted a single-interview-per-participant qualitative study, sampling participants ( n = 23) that had visited the Stockholm substance use disorder emergency department for alcohol-related reasons, of whom n = 8 were purposively included due to having missed their scheduled follow-up outpatient appointment...

OBJECTIVE: Co-use of tobacco and cannabis may be prevalent in pregnancy, potentially leading to additional adverse health outcomes. Utilizing a national sample of women followed prospectively before, during, and after pregnancy, this study tested whether prepregnancy co-use of tobacco and cannabis (vs. tobacco-only use and cannabis-only use) was associated with greater likelihood of continuing to use tobacco and/or cannabis during pregnancy and postpartum. METHOD: Data were drawn from Waves 1-5 (2013-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study...

OBJECTIVE: Social network analysis (SNA) characterizes the structure and composition of a person's social relationships. Network features have been associated with alcohol consumption in observational studies, primarily of university undergraduates. No studies have investigated whether indicators from a person's social network can accurately identify the presence of alcohol use disorder (AUD), offering an indirect strategy for identifying AUD. METHOD: Two cross-sectional case-control designs examined the clinical utility of social network indicators for identifying individuals with AUD (cases) versus demographically matched drinkers without AUD (controls)...

Trauma-focused psychotherapies, in particular prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, have been recognized as the "gold standard" for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). But effectiveness and implementation data show that a large proportion of patients who undergo exposure therapy retain their PTSD diagnosis, and implementation studies have shown low engagement and high dropout rates. Meanwhile, non-trauma-focused therapies have shown promise in treating PTSD. In this review, we aim to answer the question of whether exposure is necessary to treat PTSD by integrating clinical and research literature from multiple perspectives...

OBJECTIVE: To test potential cognitive and interpersonal moderators of two evidence-based youth depression prevention programs. METHOD: Two hundred four adolescents ( M age = 14.62 years, SD = 1.65; 56% female; 71% White, 11% Black, 11% multiracial, 5% Asian, 2% other races, 18% Hispanic/Latinx) were randomized to either a cognitive-behavioral (Coping With Stress [CWS]) or interpersonal (Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Adolescent Skills Training [IPT-AST]) prevention program...

Political orientation reflects beliefs, opinions, and values that are, at least in part, rooted in stable interindividual differences. Whereas evidence has accumulated with regard to the relevance of basic personality dimensions, especially concerning the sociocultural dimension of political ideology, less attention has been paid to the more specific dispositional tendency to assign a higher weight to one's own utility above others' (i.e., socially aversive personality), which is likely to play a pivotal role concerning the economic dimension of political ideology in particular...

People's motivational processes, well-being, and performance are likely to be facilitated through the support of others. Self-determination theory argues that interpersonal supports for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are crucial to achieve these outcomes. In the present study, we provide a comprehensive examination of this formulation based on a meta-analytic database consisting of 4,561 effect sizes from 881 independent samples ( N = 443,556). Our results indicate that supports for autonomy, competence, and relatedness were strongly positively related with the satisfaction of these basic needs and strongly negatively related to their frustration...

Behavioral flexibility is an indispensable cognitive ability that allows the adjustment of behavioral responses to different situations, while resilience refers to the capability to deal effectively with stress. On one hand, standard laboratory housing provides impoverished cognitive, sensory, and physical stimulation compared to the conditions found in nature. Conversely, enriched and naturalistic housing conditions offer a broadening in the behavioral repertoire that can be depicted by the animals in their home cages, in addition to enabling a better management of possible stressors...

This article explores the contribution of the double error dynamic asymptote computational associative learning model to understanding the role of mediated learning mechanisms in the generation of spurious associations, as those postulated to characterize schizophrenia. Three sets of simulations for mediated conditioning, mediated extinction, and a mediated enhancement of latent inhibition, a unique model prediction, are presented. For each set of simulations, a parameter that modulates the impact of associative memory retrieval and the dissipation of nonperceptual activated representations through the network was manipulated...

Punishment learning is learning of the causal relationship between responses and their adverse or undesirable consequences. Here, we review our translational approach for understanding whether, when, and how individuals differ in what they learn during punishment, and how these differences in learning may drive persistent poor or maladaptive decisions. We show that individual differences in punishment insensitivity can emerge from differences between individuals in what they learn about punishment (instrumental contingency knowledge), rather than differences in aversive valuation, reward valuation, general (impulsivity), or specific (habit) behavioral control...

Odor hedonic perception (pleasant/unpleasant character) is considered to be the first and one of the most important dimensions in olfaction and is known to be highly variable and dependent on several factors related to the stimulus, individual characteristics, and context. Although numerous experimental studies have been published on this topic, there is no comprehensive general review on the variability in odor hedonic perception. Therefore, the aim of this article was to describe and detail all the factors involved in the variability in odor hedonic perception...