keyword
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38519155/foresight-a-generative-pretrained-transformer-for-modelling-of-patient-timelines-using-electronic-health-records-a-retrospective-modelling-study
#1
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Zeljko Kraljevic, Dan Bean, Anthony Shek, Rebecca Bendayan, Harry Hemingway, Joshua Au Yeung, Alexander Deng, Alfred Baston, Jack Ross, Esther Idowu, James T Teo, Richard J B Dobson
BACKGROUND: An electronic health record (EHR) holds detailed longitudinal information about a patient's health status and general clinical history, a large portion of which is stored as unstructured, free text. Existing approaches to model a patient's trajectory focus mostly on structured data and a subset of single-domain outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Foresight, a generative transformer in temporal modelling of patient data, integrating both free text and structured formats, to predict a diverse array of future medical outcomes, such as disorders, substances (eg, to do with medicines, allergies, or poisonings), procedures, and findings (eg, relating to observations, judgements, or assessments)...
April 2024: The Lancet. Digital health
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38514180/value-estimation-versus-effort-mobilization-a-general-dissociation-between-ventromedial-and-dorsomedial-prefrontal-cortex
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nicolas Clairis, Mathias Pessiglione
Deciding for a course of action requires both an accurate estimation of option values and a right amount of effort invested in deliberation to reach sufficient confidence in the final choice. In a previous study, we have provided evidence, across a series of judgement and choice tasks, for a dissociation between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which would represent option values, and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), which would represent the duration of deliberation. Here, we first replicate this dissociation and extend it to the case of an instrumental learning task, in which 24 human volunteers (13 women) choose between options associated with probabilistic gains and losses...
March 21, 2024: Journal of Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38505864/the-balanced-view-of-the-value-of-conscience
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Doug McConnell, Julian Savulescu
On the mainstream view, consciences are valuable because they promote moral unity. However, conscience, so defined, will systematically prevent moral growth that threatens unity, even when unity has formed around oppressive moral values. This motivates Carolyn McLeod's alternative 'Dynamic View' whereby consciences are valuable to the extent that they are dynamic. Consciences are dynamic when they interact with our best moral judgements to shape or 'retool' the moral values underpinning conscience, sometimes at an initial cost to unity...
November 2023: Journal of Applied Philosophy
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38479646/evaluation-of-a-generative-language-model-tool-for-writing-examination-questions
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Christopher J Edwards, Brian L Erstad
OBJECTIVE: To describe an evaluation of a generative language model tool to write examination questions for a new elective course focused on the interpretation of common clinical laboratory results being developed as an elective for students in a Bachelor of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences program. METHODS: One hundred multiple choice questions were generated using a publicly available large language model for a course dealing with common laboratory values. Two independent evaluators with extensive training and experience in writing multiple choice questions evaluated each question for appropriate formatting, clarity, correctness, relevancy, and difficulty...
March 11, 2024: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38472266/hybrid-similarity-relation-based-mutual-information-for-feature-selection-in-intuitionistic-fuzzy-rough-framework-and-its-applications
#5
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Anoop Kumar Tiwari, Rajat Saini, Abhigyan Nath, Phool Singh, Mohd Asif Shah
Fuzzy rough entropy established in the notion of fuzzy rough set theory, which has been effectively and efficiently applied for feature selection to handle the uncertainty in real-valued datasets. Further, Fuzzy rough mutual information has been presented by integrating information entropy with fuzzy rough set to measure the importance of features. However, none of the methods till date can handle noise, uncertainty and vagueness simultaneously due to both judgement and identification, which lead to degrade the overall performances of the learning algorithms with the increment in the number of mixed valued conditional features...
March 12, 2024: Scientific Reports
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38460906/meat-and-morality-the-moral-foundation-of-purity-but-not-harm-predicts-attitudes-toward-cultured-meat
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Matti Wilks, Charlie R Crimston, Matthew J Hornsey
Cultured meat (also referred to as cultivated, cell-based, or cell-cultured meat) is a novel food technology that is presented as a method of meat production without reliance on large-scale industrial farming. The pro-cultured meat narrative rests, in part, on a moral foundation: cultured meat is purported to alleviate the environmental and animal welfare harms associated with farmed meat. Despite this narrative, no research has examined which moral values underpin attitudes towards cultured meat. To examine this, we surveyed 1861 participants from the United States and Germany about their moral foundations and their attitudes towards cultured meat...
March 7, 2024: Appetite
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38450564/the-australian-traumatic-brain-injury-initiative-systematic-review-and-consensus-process-to-determine-the-predictive-value-of-pre-existing-health-conditions-for-people-with-moderate-severe-traumatic-brain-injury
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ana Antonic-Baker, Clarissa Auvrez, Gerard Tao, Matthew Bagg, Adelle Gadowski, Ancelin McKimmie, Amelia Hicks, Regina Hill, Lorena Romero, Jennie Ponsford, Natasha A Lannin, Belinda Gabbe, Peter Cameron, D James Cooper, Nick Rushworth, Melinda Fitzgerald, Terence J O'Brien
The first aim of the Australian Traumatic Brain Injury Initiative (AUS-TBI) encompasses development of a set of measures that comprehensively predict outcomes for people with moderate-severe TBI across Australia. This process engaged diverse stakeholders and information sources across six areas: social, health, and clinical factors, biological markers, treatments, and longer-term outcomes. Here, we report the systematic review of pre-existing health conditions as predictors of outcome for people with moderate-severe TBI...
March 7, 2024: Journal of Neurotrauma
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38429682/understanding-and-barriers-of-professional-identity-formation-among-current-students-and-recent-graduates-in-nursing-and-midwifery-in-low-resource-settings-in-two-universities-a-qualitative-study
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Scovia Nalugo Mbalinda, Josephine Nambi Najjuma, Aloysius Mubuuke Gonzaga, Kamoga Livingstone, David Musoke
INTRODUCTION: In the changing healthcare landscape, a strong professional identity serves as a cornerstone for nurses. Therefore, transformative educational approaches that include professional judgement, reasoning, critical self-evaluation and a sense of accountability are required to foster professional identity. We explored the understanding and barriers to professional identity formation among recent graduates and students of midwifery and nursing in Uganda. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative research design employing focus groups was used to collect data from student nurses and midwives from Makerere University, Mbarara University, and recent graduates in nursing and midwifery programs attending their internship training at Mulago National and Mbarara Regional Referral hospitals...
March 1, 2024: BMC Nursing
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38418965/radiographers-perspectives-on-interactional-processes-during-older-persons-diagnostic-medical-imaging-encounters-a-qualitative-study
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kevin Ding, Chandra Makanjee
BACKGROUND: Within a diagnostic medical imaging context, an interaction encompasses communication, physical contact and emotional support. These intricacies are an integral part in achieving a successful medical imaging outcome. An increasing ageing population presents unique challenges and leads to a higher demand for medical imaging services. There is a paucity of literature exploring the specialised knowledge and skills required by radiographers to service optimal person-centred care for elderly patients...
February 28, 2024: BMC Geriatrics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38396619/why-do-i-choose-an-animal-model-or-an-alternative-method-in-basic-and-preclinical-biomedical-research-a-spectrum-of-ethically-relevant-reasons-and-their-evaluation
#10
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hannes Kahrass, Ines Pietschmann, Marcel Mertz
BACKGROUND: Research model selection decisions in basic and preclinical biomedical research have not yet been the subject of an ethical investigation. Therefore, this paper aims, (1) to identify a spectrum of reasons for choosing between animal and alternative research models (e.g., based on in vitro or in silico models) and (2) provides an ethical analysis of the selected reasons. METHODS: In total, 13 researchers were interviewed; the interviews were analyzed qualitatively...
February 18, 2024: Animals: An Open Access Journal From MDPI
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38384375/random-forest-analysis-of-midbrain-hypometabolism-using-18-f-fdg-pet-identifies-parkinson-s-disease-at-the-subject-level
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Marina C Ruppert-Junck, Gunter Kräling, Andrea Greuel, Marc Tittgemeyer, Lars Timmermann, Alexander Drzezga, Carsten Eggers, David Pedrosa
Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently diagnosed largely on the basis of expert judgement with neuroimaging serving only as a supportive tool. In a recent study, we identified a hypometabolic midbrain cluster, which includes parts of the substantia nigra, as the best differentiating metabolic feature for PD-patients based on group comparison of [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18 F]-FDG) PET scans. Longitudinal analyses confirmed progressive metabolic changes in this region and, an independent study showed great potential of nigral metabolism for diagnostic workup of parkinsonian syndromes...
2024: Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38379970/screening-and-differential-diagnosis-of-delirium-in-neurointensive-stroke-patients
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Lucia Bakošová, David Kec, Miroslav Škorňa, René Jura, Zdeněk Kundrata, Milena Košťálová, Josef Bednařík
Diagnosing delirium in neurointensive care is difficult because symptoms of delirium, such as inappropriate speech, may be related to aphasia due to primary brain injury. Therefore, validated screening tools are needed. The aim of this study was to compare two Czech versions of already validated screening tools - the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) - in a cohort of acute stroke patients. We also aimed to assess the pitfalls of delirium detection in the context of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE)...
February 29, 2024: Heliyon
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38378059/eliciting-expert-judgements-to-underpin-our-understanding-of-faecal-indicator-organism-loss-from-septic-tank-systems
#13
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chisha Chongo Mzyece, Miriam Glendell, Zisis Gagkas, Richard S Quilliam, Ian Jones, Eulyn Pagaling, Ioanna Akoumianaki, Claire Newman, David M Oliver
Septic tank systems (STS) in rural catchments represent a potential source of microbial pollution to watercourses; however, data concerning the risk of faecal indicator organism (FIO) export from STS to surface waters is scarce. In the absence of empirical data, elicitation of expert judgements can provide an alternative approach to aid understanding of FIO pollution risk from STS. Our study employed a structured elicitation process using the Sheffield Elicitation Framework to obtain expert judgements on the proportion of FIOs likely to be delivered from STS to watercourses, based on 36 scenarios combining: (i) septic tank effluent movement risk, driven by soil hydro-morphological characteristics; (ii) distance of septic tank to watercourse; and (iii) degree of slope...
February 18, 2024: Science of the Total Environment
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38373829/designing-ai-for-mental-health-diagnosis-challenges-from-sub-saharan-african-value-laden-judgements-on-mental-health-disorders
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Edmund Terem Ugar, Ntsumi Malele
Recently clinicians have become more reliant on technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for effective and accurate diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, especially mental health disorders. These remarks, however, apply primarily to Europe, the USA, China and other technologically developed nations. Africa is yet to leverage the potential applications of AI and ML within the medical space. Sub-Saharan African countries are currently disadvantaged economically and infrastructure-wise...
February 19, 2024: Journal of Medical Ethics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38364044/auditory-free-classification-of-gender-diverse-speakersa
#15
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Brandon Merritt, Tessa Bent, Rowan Kilgore, Cameron Eads
Auditory attribution of speaker gender has historically been assumed to operate within a binary framework. The prevalence of gender diversity and its associated sociophonetic variability motivates an examination of how listeners perceptually represent these diverse voices. Utterances from 30 transgender (1 agender individual, 15 non-binary individuals, 7 transgender men, and 7 transgender women) and 30 cisgender (15 men and 15 women) speakers were used in an auditory free classification paradigm, in which cisgender listeners classified the speakers on perceived general similarity and gender identity...
February 1, 2024: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38347654/how-do-residents-respond-to-uncertainty-with-peers-and-supervisors-in-multidisciplinary-teams-insights-from-simulations-with-epistemic-fidelity
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sarah Blissett, Jamila Skinner, Harrison Banner, Sayra Cristancho, Taryn Taylor
BACKGROUND: Residents struggle to express clinical uncertainty, often exhibiting negative cognitive, behavioral, and emotional responses to uncertainty when engaging with patients or supervisors. However, the Integrative Model of Uncertainty Tolerance posits that individuals may have positive or negative responses to perceived uncertainty. Situational characteristics, such as interactions with other health professionals, can impact whether the response is positive or negative. The team context in which residents interact with resident peers and supervisors could represent varying situational characteristics that enable a spectrum of responses to uncertainty...
February 12, 2024: Advances in Simulation
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38346154/more-than-a-mouth-to-clean-case-studies-of-oral-health-care-in-an-australian-hospital
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Joanne Murray, Jasmine Paunovic, Sarah C Hunter
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore older patients' oral health status, their opinions about oral health care and their experiences with oral health care while in hospital. BACKGROUND: Improving older adults' oral health is considered an urgent priority at both the national and international levels, especially for hospitalised older patients who have been found to have poor oral health. However, a one-size-fits-all standardised approach to oral care delivery may not be the answer...
February 12, 2024: Gerodontology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38329854/magnitude-judgements-are-influenced-by-the-relative-positions-of-data-points-within-axis-limits
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Duncan Bradley, Gabriel Strain, Caroline Jay, Andrew J Stewart
When visualising data, chart designers have the freedom to choose the upper and lower limits of numerical axes. Axis limits can determine the physical characteristics of plotted values, such as the physical position of data points in dot plots. In two experiments (total N=300), we demonstrate that axis limits affect viewers' interpretations of the magnitudes of plotted values. Participants did not simply associate values presented at higher vertical positions with greater magnitudes. Instead, participants considered the relative positions of data points within the axis limits...
February 8, 2024: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38328985/-the-equipoise-ruler-a-national-survey-on-surgeon-judgment-about-the-value-of-surgery
#19
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Karlie L Zychowski, Lily N Stalter, Bethany M Erb, Bret M Hanlon, Kyle J Bushaw, Anne Buffington, Taylor Bradley, Robert M Arnold, Justin Clapp, Jacqueline M Kruser, Margaret L Schwarze
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to understand professional norms regarding the value of surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Agreed-upon professional norms may improve surgical decision making by contextualizing the nature of surgical treatment for patients. However, the extent to which these norms exist among surgeons practicing in the US is not known. METHODS: We administered a survey with 30 exemplar cases asking surgeons to use their best judgement to place each case on a scale ranging from "Definitely would do this surgery" to "Definitely would not do this surgery...
February 8, 2024: Annals of Surgery
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38315620/predicting-covid-19-vaccination-uptake-using-a-small-and-interpretable-set-of-judgment-and-demographic-variables-a-population-survey
#20
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nicole L Vike, Sumra Bari, Leandros Stefanopoulos, Shamal Lalvani, Byoung Woo Kim, Nicos Maglaveras, Martin Block, Hans C Breiter, Aggelos K Katsaggelos
BACKGROUND: Despite COVID-19 vaccine mandates, many chose to forgo vaccination - raising questions about the psychology underlying how judgment affects choice. Research shows that judgments about reward and aversion are important for vaccination choice, however no studies have integrated such cognitive science with machine learning to predict COVID-19 vaccine uptake. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the predictive power of a small, but interpretable set of judgment variables using three machine learning algorithms to predict COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and then interpret what profile of judgement variables was important for this prediction...
January 10, 2024: JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
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