Diarrhea hospital review

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis, an important zoonotic bacterial disease, commonly affects resource-poor populations and results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The value of antibiotics in leptospirosis remains unclear, as evidenced by the conflicting opinions published. METHODS: We conducted a search in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for studies. These studies included clinical trials and retrospective studies that evaluated the efficacy or safety of antibiotics for leptospirosis treatment...

This case outlines the complications of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGBS) and demonstrates clinical manifestations of several vitamin deficiencies. We present a 45-year-old female patient who was admitted to our hospital with generalized weakness, anasarca, hypotension, and failure to thrive, a year after she had her RYGBS. After the procedure, she had nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea with progressive inability to tolerate any oral intake. Subsequently, the patient lost over 200 pounds and got bedridden...

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors of chronic intestinal ulcers are increasingly garnering attention. We present a case of chronic intestinal ulcers and bleeding associated with mutations of the activin A receptor type II-like 1 ( ACVRL1 ) and phospholipase A2 group IVA ( PLA2G4A ) genes and review the available relevant literature. CASE SUMMARY: A 20-year-old man was admitted to our center with a 6-year history of recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dark stools. At the onset 6 years ago, the patient had received treatment at a local hospital for abdominal pain persisting for 7 d, under the diagnosis of diffuse peritonitis, acute gangrenous appendicitis with perforation, adhesive intestinal obstruction, and pelvic abscess...

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) are rare diseases in children. Many theories infer that immunodeficiency can induce PAP, but these reports are almost all review articles, and there is little clinical evidence. We report the case of a child with both PAP and XLA. CASE SUMMARY: A 4-month-old boy sought medical treatment due to coughing and difficulty in breathing for > 2 wk. He had been hospitalized multiple times due to respiratory infections and diarrhea...

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus infection manifests varying clinical characteristics and severity in diverse populations with different immune statuses. The signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal involvement are nonspecific. Here, we present a case of cytomegalovirus colitis in an immunocompetent adolescent, which manifested as intestinal pseud-obstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15-year-old man who had contracted novel coronavirus infection one month earlier was admitted to our hospital with fever, abdominal pain, and hematochezia...

OBJECTIVES: In the US, Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the 8th leading cause for hospital readmission and 7th for mortality among all gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Here, we investigated GI dysfunction post-CDI in human and mice post-acute infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2020 to July 2021, we reviewed the clinical records of 67 patients referred to the UVA Complicated C. difficile clinic for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) eligibility...

Although AA amyloidosis is primarily caused by inflammatory conditions, associations between AA amyloidosis and solid cancers have occasionally been described. Herein, we report the case of a 48-year-old man in whom resection of a proliferating pilomatricoma with deposition of AA amyloid resulted in remission of concomitant AA gastrointestinal amyloidosis. A rapidly growing, giant, reddish, ulcerated tumor measuring 16 × 13 cm in size was identified on the upper left arm on a visit to our hospital...

OBJECTIVES: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) affects the fibers involved in cutaneous and visceral pain and temperature sensation and are a crucial part of the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic dysfunction secondary to SFN and autoimmune receptor antibodies is being increasingly recognized, and gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations include constipation, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Enteric nervous system involvement may be a possible explanation of abnormal GI motility patterns seen in these patients...

Despite the frequent use of prophylactic antibiotics in hospitals for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients, the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Infectious Disease Task Force does not recommend routine antibiotic prophylaxis due to a lack of compelling evidence. We assessed the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in ECMO patients. We conducted a comprehensive search of multiple databases from their inception up to September 6, 2023, on various databases using keywords like "antibiotics," "prophylaxis," "extracorporeal membrane oxygenation," and "ECMO...

Enteral feeding is a crucial aspect of nutritional support for critically ill patients. However, the optimal feeding approach, whether bolus or continuous, remains a subject of debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the outcomes of bolus feeding and continuous enteral feeding in critically ill patients. A systemic search was carried out in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Ultimate, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies...

New oncologic treatments, particularly immunotherapy (IT), have revolutionized the treatment of advanced-stage malignant tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the main form of IT and act by increasing T cell activity and the organism's immune response against neoplastic cells. Targeted therapy is another form of IT that acts by inhibiting oncogenes or inflammation signaling and tumor angiogenesis pathways. However, these mechanisms of tumor destruction can interfere with the host's immune self-tolerance or with the mechanisms of epithelial tissue repair and predispose to immune system-mediated adverse events that can affect multiple organs, including the digestive tract...

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is an aggressive extranodal large B-cell lymphoma, cocurrence in the same organ with other malignancies is very rare, especially in the lung. Here, we report a rare case of lung adenocarcinoma with IVLBCL. The patient was admitted to the hospital due to diarrhea associated with fever and cough. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed an irregular patchy high-density shadow in the upper lobe of the right lung with ground-glass opacity at the margin. After admission, the patient was given anti-infection treatment, but still had intermittent low fever (up to 37...

BACKGROUND: Enterococcus casseliflavus is a rare pathogenic bacterium that is characterized by vancomycin resistance and can lead to multiple infections in the human body. This report describes a rare case of polycystic intrahepatic infection with E. casseliflavus which necessitated antibiotic treatment and surgical intervention involving cystic drainage. CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-year-old woman, a long-term hemodialysis patient, was hospitalized due to a 5-day history of fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which were possibly caused by the ingestion of contaminated food...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of a neonate with Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). METHODS: A neonate with MVID admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in May 2019 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data were collected. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out, and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). A literature was also carried out to summarize the clinical and genetic characteristics of MVID...

INTRODUCTION: The abdominal pain associated with diarrhea can be difficult to distinguish from appendicitis. We present a case series of all children found on pediatric emergency department point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to have right-sided bowel wall edema. METHODS: Over the study period June 2020 through September 2023, POCUS images were collected by a pediatric emergency physician with 6 years of experience with POCUS. Children found to have small bowel wall edema on POCUS were identified, and hospital charts were reviewed...

PURPOSE: To identify factors predicting the failure of ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction of intussusception in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 174 children who underwent ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction of intussusception over four years were reviewed at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Patient's demography, clinical data, and sonography findings (type of intussusception, length of intussusception, presence of lead point, trapped fluid, lymph node, and free peritoneal fluid) were entered into SPSS 25 (IBM) and analyzed using logistic regression...

OBJECTIVE: To develop a predictive model for thiamine responsive disorders (TRD) among infants and young children hospitalized with signs or symptoms suggestive of thiamine deficiency disorders (TDD) based on response to therapeutic thiamine in a high-risk setting. STUDY DESIGN: Children aged 21 days to <18 months hospitalized with signs or symptoms suggestive of TDD in northern Lao PDR were treated with parenteral thiamine (100mg daily) for ≥3 days in addition to routine care...

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children. Live attenuated vaccines can lead to horizontal transmission with the risk of vaccine-derived disease in contacts. Transmission of pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RV5) strains leading to clinical disease was not well evaluated in the pivotal clinical trials, and only a few case reports have been described in the literature. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review to investigate secondary transmission of RV5 strains to unvaccinated subjects globally...

Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) has displayed demonstrable efficacy and manageable toxicity in previously treated patients with advanced gastric and breast cancer, and it has been approved in Japan. However, there is a lack of data on the optimal management in clinical practice. Therefore, we assessed the adverse event (AE) profiles of T-DXd in patients with advanced gastric or breast cancer to provide guidance for appropriate management. This retrospective study was conducted at the Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research...

BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) is well-documented in Europe and North America to be a common cause of healthcare-associated gastrointestinal tract infections. In contrast, C difficile infection (CDI) is infrequently reported in literature from Asia, which may reflect a lack of clinician awareness. We conducted a narrative review to better understand CDI burden in Asia. METHODS: We searched the PubMed database for English language articles related to C difficile, Asia, epidemiology, and molecular characteristics (eg, ribotype, antimicrobial resistance)...