Infecious diseases

Root canal therapy is the common treatment for endodontic infections. Successful root canal therapy depends on favorable root canal preparation, root canal medication and three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system. The key to successful root canal therapy is to prevent re-infection of the highly complex root canal systems by removing infecious biofilms and bacterial toxins in the root canal system. The present paper reviews the pathogenic mechanism of the Enterococcus faecalis in the harsh environment of root canal system, the inflammation and immunity of refractory periapical periodontitis and the progress of infection control methods...

Although the microbiome of blood-feeding insects serves an integral role in host physiology, both beneficial and pathogenic, little is known of the microbial community of black flies. An investigation, therefore, was undertaken to identify culturable bacteria from one of Malaysia's most common black flies, Simulium tani Takaoka and Davies, using 16S rDNA sequencing, and then evaluate the isolates for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. A total of 20 isolates representing 11 bacterial species in four genera were found...

Coronavirus infecious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought a myriad of challenges to the dental education. Amidst the quarantine and lockdown measures, face-to-face education is disrupted around the globe. Dental educators have come up with innovative solutions to resume dental education remotely. Different online platforms are being utilised for didactic teaching and learning as well as for students 2019; assessment and examination. Clinical learning has also shifted to virtual learning. Manikins and virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR)-based simulation devices along with haptic technology can be very helpful for skills training...

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors which play a key role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The specific exogenous ligands of TLRs are pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as peptidoglycan, flagellin, teichoic acid, CPG-containing DNA, and others. Stimulation of TLRs induces synthesis and secretion of cytokines, upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and functional maturation of antigen-presenting cells and leads to the development of both protective and damaging adaptive immune reactions...

Lyme disease is currently the most frequently reported vector-borne illness in the United States, accounting for more than 95% of such cases. The purpose of this report is to provide recommendations for preventing Lyme disease, including the use of Lyme disease vaccine. Individuals can reduce their risk of Lyme disease by avoiding tick-infested habitats when in endemic areas. If exposure to tick-infested habitats cannot be avoided, individuals may reduce their risk of infection by using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and regularly checking for and removing attached ticks...