Pentobarbital

Gabapentin is used for the treatment of many conditions, including seizures, pain, and anxiety. Increasing reports of nonprescribed use suggest that gabapentin may elicit positive subjective effects. The present study was conducted to examine the subjective effects of gabapentin using rats trained to discriminate either a 30.0 mg/kg or 300.0 mg/kg dose of gabapentin versus vehicle on a two-choice drug discrimination task. Both doses of gabapentin were established as discriminative stimuli, and the 300.0 mg/kg dose was more readily established compared to the 30...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Qizhuyanggan Decoction (QZD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is frequently utilized in clinical practice for managing hepatic fibrosis. However, the specific target and mechanism of action of QZD for hepatic fibrosis treatment remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: By combining network pharmacology, metabolomics, and experimental validation methods, our study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of QZD on hepatic fibrosis, the anti-hepatic fibrosis active ingredient, and the possible mechanism of anti-hepatic fibrosis action...

Aralia continentalis exhibits various biological activities; however, their sleep-promoting effects have not been previously reported. In this study, we evaluated the hypnotic effects and sleep-wake profiles of A. continentalis root (KS-126) using a pentobarbital-induced sleep-acceleration test and polysomnographic recordings. Additionally, we investigated the molecular mechanism of KS-126 through patch-clamp electrophysiology. Our polysomnographic recordings revealed that KS-126 not only accelerated the onset of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) but also extends its duration...

BACKGROUND: The crocodilian heart is unique among reptiles with its four-chambered structure and complete intracardiac separation of pulmonary and systemic blood flows and pressures. Crocodiles have retained two aortic arches; one from each ventricle, that communicate via Foramen of Panizza, immediately distally from the aortic valves. Moreover, crocodiles can regulate vascular resistance in the pulmonary portion of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). These unique features allow for a complex regulation of shunting between the pulmonary and systemic circulations...

BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) can recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and exert multiple immunological functions through activation of signaling cascades. However, the precise distribution and age-related alterations of TLR8 in the spleens of Bactrian camels have not yet been investigated. This study aimed to prepare a rabbit anti-Bactrian camel TLR8 polyclonal antibody and elucidate the distribution of TLR8 in the spleens of Bactrian camels at different age groups...

Mechanical ventilation can be used in mice to support high-risk anesthesia or to create clinically relevant, intensive care models. However, the choice of anesthetic and inspired oxygen concentration for prolonged procedures may affect basic physiology and lung inflammation. To characterize the effects of anesthetics and oxygen concentration in mice experiencing mechanical ventilation, mice were anesthetized with either isoflurane or pentobarbital for tracheostomy followed by mechanical ventilation with either 100% or 21% oxygen...

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute infectious diseases caused by a variety of factors. The function of TTC4 in sepsis-induced lung injury remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the critical role of TTC4 in sepsis-induced lung injury. Mice anaesthetized using pentobarbital sodium and subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. TTC4 expression levels in patients with sepsis-induced lung injury were down-regulated. The inhibition of TTC4 gene promoted lung injury in mice model of sepsis...

Pentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate with anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic properties. Pentobarbital may be used to induce sedation, control seizures, induce coma, and to manage patients with traumatic brain injury. In traumatic brain injury, use of pentobarbital is known to reduce both cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption, which reduces intracranial pressure and cerebral ischemia. As there are currently no known commercially available methods for quantification, a quick and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method is described here for the quantification of pentobarbital...

We hereby present a fast, high-throughput, and clinical LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of barbiturates in human urine. It is deployed as a quantitative assay for phenobarbital, butalbital, pentobarbital/amobarbital, and secobarbital, as well as for confirmations following positive immunoassay drug screens in patient urine. Briefly, urine specimens are processed via dilute and shoot, i.e., by mixing the sample with 20 times volume of internal standard reagent and injecting 50 μL of that mixture into the analytical instrument...

In the method described here, an aliquot of a urine sample is analyzed to detect barbiturates through dilution and ultra-high-performance chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) using deuterated internal standards. This assay detects the presence of nine barbiturate drugs-amobarbital, barbital, butalbital, butabarbital, mephobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and thiopental. This protocol describes two LC separation methods-first LC method (2.2 min/sample) is intended to be used as a first step of the analysis that does not separate amobarbital and pentobarbital, and a second, longer (2...

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are a chemically diverse group of medications that are used to control seizures and different clinical forms of epilepsy. AEDs can be used as single agents but are commonly administered in combination, as a multi-drug regimen. AEDs have narrow therapeutic windows. Therapeutic ranges may not be properly defined, and symptoms of toxic serum concentrations may include increased frequency of seizures, as seen when AED concentrations are subtherapeutic. Pentobarbital, a barbiturate, is a potent anti-seizure medication, but it is also used in the treatment of head injury...

BACKGROUND: High fructose diet has been linked with impaired body metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Sodium butyrate (NaB) was documented to improve glucoregulation and cardiometabolic problems associated with high fructose diet (HFrD) but the mechanisms behind it are unclear. As a result, the purpose of this study was to look into the effects of NaB on VEGF and cardiac lactate in HFrD-induced dysmetabolism. METHODS: Twenty male Wistar rats of weight 130-140 g were assigned randomly after a week of acclimation into four groups: Control diet (CTR), High fructose drink (HFrD); 10 % (w/v), NaB (200 mg/kg bw), and HFrD + NaB (200 mg/kg bw)...

Insomnia is one of the most common sleep-related diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine, Flos daturae has been used as a traditional herbal totreatment of sizens of diseases. The research objective was to investigate the sedative and hypnotic effects of Flos Daturae. Kunming mice were divided into control group, Estazolam (positive drug, 0.0005 g/kg) group and Flos Daturae groups (0.01, 0.02, 0.04g/kg) with random, ig once a day for 7 days. The central sedative effect of flos Daturae on the spontaneous activity of mice was observed using the locomotive activity test, and the hypnotic effect of Flos Daturae was observed in mice using the direct sleep test and the sleep latency with synergistic supra-and sub-threshold doses of pentobarbital sodium...

BACKGROUND: With the increasing risk of infections and other serious complications, the underlying molecular mechanism of wound healing impairment in diabetes deserves attention. Cold shock proteins (CSPs), including CIRP and RBM3 are highly expressed in the skin; however, it is unknown whether CSPs are involved in the wound-healing impairment of diabetic skin. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of RBM3 on skin wound healing in diabetes...

BACKGROUND: Pentobarbital and isoflurane are commonly used veterinary anesthetics. Due to the dangers of overdose by repeat-bolus regimen of pentobarbital, isoflurane has been recommended. However, literature suggests isoflurane-induced inhibition of cytokine and adhesion molecule release, impacting leukocyte adhesion. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to characterize the impacts of pentobarbital versus isoflurane on leukocyte interactions within the intestinal microcirculation with and without endotoxin challenge...

The barbiturate drug pentobarbital is commonly used by veterinarians for the euthanasia of domestic animals. During the veterinary forensic autopsy, it is sometimes necessary to determine whether the animal was chemically euthanized with pentobarbital. The use of a human immunochromatographic test for barbiturate screening utilizing dog or cat urine has been previously validated; however, use of alternative matrices for this purpose has yet to be explored when urine is not available. Postmortem heart, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle, blood, and/or urine samples from 20 dogs and 26 cats with a reported chemical euthanasia status were processed using two different methods, bead homogenization and sonication, and screened for barbiturates using a human immunochromatographic test...

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RATIONALE: Cabergoline (CAB) is an ergot derivative typically prescribed for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia. It suppresses the release of prolactin through agonist actions on dopamine (DA) D2 receptors; however, it possesses binding affinity for other DA and 5-HT receptors. Side effects that exacerbate valvular heart disease can occur with high doses. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the acute, subchronic, and chronic dose-response effects of CAB and a derivative dimethylcabergoline (DMC) which acts as an antagonist instead of agonist at 5-HT 2B receptors, on appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors of male rats...

While cockroaches are commonly exhibited in zoos and museums, studied in research laboratories, and even kept as pets, scientifically based guidelines for their euthanasia are lacking. This study assessed euthanasia techniques in four species of cockroaches (Dubia ( Blaptica dubia ), red runner ( Shelfordella lateralis ), Madagascar hissing ( Gromphadorhina portentosa ), and giant cave ( Blaberus giganteus )). In an initial pilot study, two hundred fifty adult Dubia cockroaches were exposed in groups of ten to a cotton ball soaked with 2 mL of isoflurane in a 1 L air-tight chamber...

Refinement of experimental procedures in animal research has the objective of preventing and minimizing pain/distress in animals, including the euthanasia period. This study aimed to evaluate pain associated with six methods of euthanasia in Wistar rats (injectable, inhalational, and physical), by applying the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), comparing the scores, and determining the method with the highest score that might indicate pain for laboratory rodents. Sixty adult male and female Wistar rats were used and assigned to six treatments: pentobarbital, CO2 , decapitation, isoflurane, ketamine + xylazine, and ketamine + CO2 ...