Homeostasis

Patients with burn injury and inhalation injury are highly susceptible to infectious complications, including opportunistic pathogens, due to the loss of skin cover and mucosal damage of respiratory tract as well as the disruption of homeostasis. This case report, a 34-year-old man suffered critical burns, provides the first literature description of triple-impact immunoparalysis (critical burns, inhalation injury, and SARS-CoV-2 infection), leading to a lethal multifocal infection caused by several fungi including very rare environmental representatives Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Wickerhamomyces anomalus...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine anomalies among females of reproductive age, highlighted by hyperandrogenism. PCOS is multifactorial as it can be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, low-grade chronic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. PCOS also leads to dysbiosis by lowering microbial diversity and beneficial microbes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Akkermenisa, and Bifidobacterium, and by causing a higher load of opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia/Shigella, Fusobacterium, Bilophila, and Sutterella...

BACKGROUND: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare, life-threatening disorder of calcium homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells that is triggered by volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine, leading to a hypermetabolic reaction. The pathogenic ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) gene variant is critical. Patients susceptible to MH should avoid triggering agents, and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is preferred. Remimazolam is safe in patients with suspected MH. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the first case of remimazolam treatment in a genetically confirmed patient with MH without MH development...

BACKGROUND: Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans) has a wide range of applications. Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can cause skin photoaging. In order to explore the protective effect and application potential of A. pullulans lysate on UV-damaged human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and HaCaT Cells, this study investigates the anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects of A. pullulans lysate as well as the mechanism of anti-oxidative stress at the cellular and molecular levels through cytotoxicity experiments, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)...

Adult skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSC) are the regenerative precursors of myofibers and also have an important role in myofiber growth, adaptation, and maintenance by fusing to the myofibers-a process referred to as "myonuclear accretion." Due to a focus on MuSC function during regeneration, myofibers remain a largely overlooked component of the MuSC niche influencing MuSC fate. Here, we describe a method to directly measure the rate of myonuclear accretion in vitro and in vivo using ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-based tracing of MuSC progeny...

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) of chickens is an acute, high-contact, lytic infectious disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The attenuated inactivated vaccine produced by DF-1 cells is an effective control method, but the epidemic protection demands from the world poultry industry remain unfulfilled. To improve the IBDV vaccine production capacity and reduce the economic losses caused by IBDV in chicken, cellular metabolic engineering is performed on host cells. In this study, when analyzing the metabolomic after IBDV infection of DF-1 cells and the exogenous addition of reduced glutathione (GSH), we found that glutathione metabolism had an important role in the propagation of IBDV in DF-1 cells, and the glutathione synthetase gene (gss) could be a limiting regulator in glutathione metabolism...

Ottonia anisum (O. anisum), belonging to the family Piperaceae, is renowned for its medicinal properties. The plant is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids with recorded bioactivities. The stems, roots, and leaves, of the O. anisum have been extensively used in the folk medicine. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the pharmacological activities of O. anisum root extract. Methanolic root extract of O. anisum was assessed for local anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and HCl-induced acute lung injury activities in animal models...

This study explores the molecular underpinnings of neuropathic pain (NPP) and neuroinflammation, focusing on the role of TRIM28 in the regulation of autophagy and microglia ferroptosis. Leveraging transcriptomic data associated with NPP, we identified TRIM28 as a critical regulator of ferroptosis. Through comprehensive analysis, including Gene Ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction network assessments, we unveiled GSK3B as a downstream target of TRIM28. Experimental validation confirmed the capacity of TRIM28 to suppress GSK3B expression and attenuate autophagic processes in microglia...

Na+ /H+ antiporters facilitate the exchange of Na+ for H+ across the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These transporters are crucial to maintain the homeostasis of sodium ions, consequently pH, and volume of the cells. Therefore, sodium/proton antiporters are considered promising therapeutic targets in humans. The Na+ /H+ antiporter in Escherichia coli (Ec-NhaA), a prototype of cation-proton antiporter (CPA) family, transports two protons and one sodium (or Li+ ) in opposite direction...

The interplay between bacteria and their host influences the homeostasis of the human immune microenvironment, and this reciprocal interaction also affects the process of tissue damage repair. A variety of immunomodulatory commensal bacteria reside in the body, capable of delivering membrane vesicles (MVs) to host cells to regulate the local immune microenvironment. This research revealed, for the initial time, the significant enhancement of mucosal and cutaneous wound healing by MVs secreted by the human commensal Lactobacillus reuteri (RMVs) through modulation of the inflammatory environment in wound tissue...

Autophagy is a widely conserved and multistep cellular catabolic process and maintains cellular homeostasis and normal cellular functions via the degradation of some harmful intracellular components. It was reported that high basal autophagic activity may be closely related to tumorigenesis. So far, the fluorescence imaging technique has been widely used to study autophagic processes, but this method is only suitable for distinguishing autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Simultaneously monitoring multiple autophagic processes remains a significant challenge due to the lack of an efficient detection method...

Mitochondria (mt) represent the vital hub of the molecular physiology of the cell, being decision-makers in cell life/death and information signaling, including major redox regulations and redox signaling. Now we review recent advances in understanding mitochondrial redox homeostasis, including superoxide sources and H2O2 consumers, i.e., antioxidant mechanisms, as well as exemplar situations of physiological redox signaling, including the intramitochondrial one and mt-to-cytosol redox signals, which may be classified as acute and long-term signals...

Redox status plays a multifaceted role in the intricate physiology and pathology of pancreatic beta-cells, the pivotal regulators of glucose homeostasis through insulin secretion. They are highly responsive to changes in metabolic cues where reactive oxygen species are part of it, all arising from nutritional intake. These molecules not only serve as crucial signaling intermediates for insulin secretion but also participate in the nuanced heterogeneity observed within the beta-cell population. A central aspect of beta-cell redox biology revolves around the localized production of hydrogen peroxide and the activity of NADPH oxidases which are tightly regulated and serve diverse physiological functions...

INTRODUCTION: Research on obesity, which results from excessive food consumption and sedentary lifestyle, has focused on increasing energy expenditure. Recently, muscle tissue is being investigated as an endocrine active organ, secreting molecules called myokines. Multiple studies have been performed to assess myokine levels in various disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic syndrome. Irisin and Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) are particles which, among others, are suggested to play an important role in adipose tissue browning and improving insulin sensitivity...

Brain iron deficiency (ID) and, to a degree, systemic ID have been implicated in restless leg syndrome (RLS) pathogenesis. Previously, we found increased ferritin in neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) in RLS, suggesting a mechanism for depleting intracellular iron by secreting ferritin-loaded NDEVs. In this study, we hypothesized that increased NDEV ferritin occurs even in RLS accompanied by systemic ID and that neuronal intracellular iron depletion in RLS also manifests as NDEV abnormalities in other iron regulatory proteins, specifically, decreased transferrin receptor (TfR) and increased ferroportin...

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan, polysaccharides that are considered to have arisen in the last common unicellular ancestor of multicellular animals. In this light, the large interactome of HS and its myriad functions in relation to the regulation of cell communication are not surprising. The binding of proteins to HS determines their localisation and diffusion, essential for embryonic development and homeostasis. Following the biosynthesis of the initial heparosan polymer, the subsequent modifications comprise an established canonical pathway and a minor pathway...

Post-exercise reduction in blood pressure, termed post-exercise hypotension (PEH), is relevant for both acute and chronic health reasons and potentially for peripheral cardiovascular adaptations. We investigated the interactive effects of exercise intensity and recovery postures (seated, supine, and standing) on PEH. Thirteen normotensive men underwent a VO2max test on a cycle ergometer and 5 exhaustive constant load trials to determine critical power (CP) and the gas exchange threshold (GET). Subsequently, work-matched exercise trials were performed at two discrete exercise intensities (10% > CP and 10% < GET), with one hour of recovery in each of three postures...

NBCn1 (SLC4A7) is one of the two major Na+ -HCO3 - cotransporters in the human colonic epithelium, expressed predominantly in the highly proliferating colonocytes at the cryptal base. Increased NBCn1 expression levels are reported in tumours, including colorectal cancer. The study explores its importance for maintenance of the intracellular pH (pHi ),as well as the proliferative, adhesive, and migratory behavior of the self-differentiating Caco2bbe colonic tumour cell line. In the self-differentiating Caco2BBe cells, NBCn1 mRNA was highly expressed from the proliferative stage until full differentiation...

Aminopeptidases with varied substrate specificities are involved in different crucial physiological processes of cellular homeostasis. They also have wide applications in food and pharma industries. Within the bacterial cell, broad specificity aminopeptidases primarily participate in the recycling of amino acids by degrading oligopeptides generated via primary proteolysis mediated by cellular ATP-dependent proteases. However, in bacteria, a truly broad specificity enzyme, which can cleave off acidic, basic, Gly and hydrophobic amino acid residues, is extremely rare...

Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities...