Treg multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is accompanied by a decline of relapse activity with increased risk of relapses 3 months post-partum, for unknown reasons. Eomesodermin+ T-helper cells (Eomes+ Th cells) are known to mediate neuroinflammation and disease progression in MS and are induced by prolactin-secreting cells. OBJECTIVES: Here, investigated immune cell alterations and the pathophysiological role of Eomes+ Th cells for disease activity during pregnancy and post-partum in MS...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated attacks on the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in demyelination and recurring T-cell responses. Unfortunately, there is no cure for it. Current therapies that target immunomodulation and/or immunosuppression show only modest beneficial effects, have many side effects, and do not block neurodegeneration or progression of the disease. Since neurodegeneration and in particular axonal degeneration is implicated in disability in progressive MS, development of novel therapeutic strategies to attenuate the neurodegenerative processes is imperative...

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation, which is frequently accompanied by immune system dysfunction. Although the mechanism of neurodegenerative lesions is unclear, various clinical trials have highlighted that early intervention in AD is crucial to the success of treatment. In order to explore the potential of immunotherapy in the early period of AD, the present study evaluated whether application of glatiramer acetate (GA), an immunomodulatory agent approved for remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis (RRMS), in the early stages of AD prior to amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition altered the Aβ pathology and cognitive impairments in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice...

Complex diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) cover a wide range of biological scales, from genes and proteins to cells and tissues, up to the full organism. In fact, any phenotype for an organism is dictated by the interplay among these scales. We conducted a multilayer network analysis and deep phenotyping with multi-omics data (genomics, phosphoproteomics and cytomics), brain and retinal imaging, and clinical data, obtained from a multicenter prospective cohort of 328 patients and 90 healthy controls...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the infiltration of immune cells and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) serves as a prototypic animal model for studying MS. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of CD4 T cells in the initiation and relapse of EAE, focusing on the activation phase and immune response. To create the EAE mice model, female mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)...

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelination disorder caused by an overactive immune response. Its pathological characteristics include CNS inflammation, white matter demyelination, glial cell proliferation, and so on. Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu Decoction (HGWD), which is recorded in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, is used clinically for the therapy of MS, but its mechanism is still elusive. PURPOSE: This study was aimed to investigate the impact of HGWD on the classical animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and explore the underlying action mechanism...

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune condition marked by inflammation and the loss of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this research was to understand how Thymoquinone regulate the molecular and cellular processes involved in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model often used to study MS. Methods Female C57BL/6 mice were split into different groups receiving different doses (low, medium, and high) of Thymoquinone simultaneously with EAE induction...

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) through inflammation. MS symptoms become acute if the disease progresses to the relapsing phase. AIM: This review aimed to evaluate the role played by regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of MS. METHODS: This review used scholarly journal articles obtained from PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL with different search parameters such as 'regulatory T cells', 'multiple sclerosis', and 'current knowledge'...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression...

OBJECTIVE: Repeated intravenous administration of anti-CD20 depleting monoclonal antibodies 6 months apart is among the highly effective treatment options in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we aimed to investigate peripheral immune cell subset depletion kinetics following either rituximab (RTX) or ocrelizumab (OCR) infusions in people with MS (pwMS). METHODS: We studied pwMS treated de-novo with either RTX (n = 7) or OCR (n = 8). The examinations were scheduled before the initiation of anti-CD20 therapy and every 12 weeks for up to 15 months...

The maturation, development, and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are under the control of the crucial transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein 3 (FoxP3). Through alternative splicing, the human FoxP3 gene produces four different splice variants: a full-length variant (FL) and truncated variants with deletions of each of exons 2 (∆2 variant) or 7 (∆7 variant) or a deletion of both exons (∆2∆7 variant). Their involvement in the biology of Tregs as well as their association with autoimmune diseases remains to be clarified...

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can eliminate autoreactive lymphocytes, induce self-tolerance, and suppress the inflammatory response. Mitochondria, as the energy factories of cells, are essential for regulating the survival, differentiation, and function of Tregs. Studies have shown that patients with autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and autoimmune encephalitis, have aberrant Tregs and mitochondrial damage. However, the role of mitochondrial-regulated Tregs in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system remains inconclusive...

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) used in multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy modulates the balance between regulatory T (Treg) cells and effector T (Teff) cells. However, the off-target activation of Teff cells by IL-2 limits its clinical application. Therefore, a rapidly prepared immunoswitch nanomodulator termed aT-IL2C NPs was developed, which specifically recognized Treg cells with high TIGIT expression thanks to the presence of an anti-TIGIT and an IL-2/JES6-1 complex (IL2C) being delivered to Treg cells but not to Teff cells with low TIGIT expression...

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune condition affecting the central nervous system, in which various kinds of immune cells, including T and B cells, and numerous cytokines and chemokines are implicated. LncRNAs modulating the function or differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be involved in the pathoetiology of NMO. To assess the involvement of these lncRNAs in this disease, we studied the expression levels of TH2-LCR, MAFTRR, NEST, RMRP, and FLICR in NMO patients and healthy subjects...

Previous studies noted an imbalance in T helper (Th) 17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis animal model. calcitriol, vitamin D's active form, was found to ameliorate EAE symptoms by favoring Tregss over Th17 cells, suggesting immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to assess calcitriol's impact on EAE manifestations and cytokine profile in mice. In this study, we recruited twenty-eight C57BL/6 mice and divided them into 4 groups: healthy controls, EAE, EAE with calcitriol treatment, and healthy mice with calcitriol treatment...

SCOPE: Inflammation and pyroptosis play important roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of ketogenic diet (KD) in EAE. METHODS AND RESULTS: The administration of KD reduces demyelination and microglial activation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Meanwhile, KD decreases the levels of Th1 and Th17 associated cytokines/transcription factors production (T-bet, IFN-γ, RORγt, and IL-17) and increases those of Th2 and Treg cytokines/transcription factors (GATA3, IL-4, Foxp3, and IL-10) in the spinal cord and spleen...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks myelin. Although systemic immunosuppressive agents have been used to treat MS, long-term treatment with these drugs causes undesirable side effects such as altered glucose metabolism, insomnia, and hypertension. Herein, we propose a tolerogenic therapeutic vaccine to treat MS based on lignin nanoparticles (LNP) with intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging capacity derived from their phenolic moieties...

17-β Estradiol (E2) has long standing known functions in regulating human physiology as well as immune system. E2 is known to elicit a protective role against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and has been used as a drug for treatment against multiple sclerosis. Moreover, E2 regulates the adaptive immune system by directly affecting the T helper cell subsets differentiation and antibody secretion mediated by B cells. Reports have shown that E2 promotes Th1 and Treg cell differentiation; whereas it attenuated the Th17 and Tfh cell differentiation...

Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (DC1) contribute to the development of pathogenic T helper type 1 (Th1) cells in part via the production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-12. Thus, depletion of DC1 has the potential to dampen autoimmune responses. Here, we developed X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (XCR1)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and CAR-Tregs that specifically targeted DC1. XCR1 CAR-T cells were successfully generated as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, expressed XCR1 CAR efficiently, and induced XCR1-dependent activation, cytokine production and proliferation...

Lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) therapeutics have gained increasing recognition as a novel treatment modality for a wide range of autoimmune diseases. Genetic ablation of LANCL2 in mice results in severe inflammatory phenotypes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and lupus. Pharmacological activation of LANCL2 provides therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of intestinal inflammation, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis. Mechanistically, LANCL2 activation enhances regulatory CD4 + T cell (Treg) responses and downregulates effector responses in the gut...